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PCR
________ is the most popular method for obtaining numerous copies of the gene to be cloned.
Dideoxyribonucleotide
________ (or dideoxy) chain termination sequencing was utilized in the first automated method.
DNA technology
________, particularly the study of genetic markers such as SNPs, is increasingly being utilized in the diagnosis of genetic and other diseases, and it holds the promise of better treatment of genetic disorders or perhaps permanent cures via gene therapy or gene editing with the CRISPR- Cas9 system.
Frederick Sanger
________, a biochemist, was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1980 for discovering this approach.
experimental inactivation
When a gene's function is unknown, ________ of the gene (a gene knockout) and observation of the resultant phenotypic consequences might give information.
ancient species
The determination of the entire DNA sequences of numerous ________, including woolly mammoths (see below), Neanderthals, and a 700, 000- year- old horse, has been accomplished in the recent decade or two.
DNA microarrays
________ are used to identify groups of genes that are expressed by the same group of cells.
CRISPR Cas9 technology
The ________ enables researchers to precisely alter genes in live cells.
Transgenic pharm animals
________ are being used to generate some therapeutic proteins.
geological investigation
The detection of genetic markers such as short tandem repeats (STRs) in DNA extracted from tissue or bodily fluids collected at crime scenes leads to a(n) ________.
Dideoxy sequencing
________ is still utilized for small- scale sequencing tasks on a regular basis.
molecular biology
In ________, gel electrophoresis is employed in combination with a variety of methods.
DNA
The ________ is first broken into pieces, which are then sequenced one by one.
Nucleic acid hybridization
________, the base matching of one strand of a nucleic acid to a corresponding sequence on a strand from a separate nucleic acid molecule, is central to these methods.
human genome sequence
The first ________ took several years and cost one billion dollars; since then, the time and cost of sequencing a genome have been in free fall.
DNA technology
________ is used with cell cultures to produce protein hormones and other therapeutic proteins on a big scale.
