Chapter 49 - Nervous Systems

Cerebrospinal fluid

________ is stored in ventricles deep into the brain's core.

Addiction

________ is characterized by compulsive drug use, which indicates abnormal functioning of the brain's reward system, which usually provides an incentive for activities that improve survival or reproduction.

Temporary connections

________ in the hippocampus are responsible for short- term memory.

spinal cord

The ________ transmits information to and from the brain and creates fundamental locomotor patterns.

Homeostasis

________ and fundamental survival behaviors are regulated by the hypothalamus.

radial nerve

The ________ is connected to a neural net within each arm of a sea star, from which it receives input and transmits signals that govern muscle contraction.

reticular formation

The ________, a network of neurons located in the brainstem, controls sleep and arousal.

sensory input

Neurons in the somatosensory and motor cortex are distributed according to which region of the body provides ________ or receives motor commands.

reproductive success

Prokaryotes evolved the ability to perceive and react billions of years ago, improving survival and ________ in changing circumstances.

insoluble peptide

The plaques are made up of- amyloid, a(n) ________ that is formed when the extracellular part of a membrane protein present in neurons is broken.

glia function

Some ________ as stem cells capable of transforming into adult neurons.

thalamus

The ________ is the primary center from which sensory information is sent to the cerebrum.

medulla

The pons and ________ oblongata serve as relay stations for information flowing from the PNS to the cerebrum.

White matter

________ predominates in the inside of the brain, where communication between neurons plays a role in learning, feeling emotions, processing sensory information, and producing orders.

fundamental structure

In embryos, the ________ of the nervous system is established through the controlled death of neurons and the removal of synapses.

Primates

________ and cetaceans, both of which are endangered, Memory and learning are based on changes in synaptic connections.

side of the cerebral cortex

Each ________ is divided into four lobes: frontal, temporal, occipital, and parietal, which comprise main sensory regions and association areas.

diffuse neural net

Interconnected neurons create a(n) ________ in most cnidarians, controlling the contraction and expansion of the gastrovascular canal.

cognitive activities

The cerebellum assists in the coordination of motor, perceptual, and ________.

Adult nervous system

________ remodeling can entail the loss or addition of synapses, as well as the strengthening or weakening of signals at synapses.

Bipolar disorder

________ and major depressive disorder can be treated with drugs that enhance the activity of biogenic amines in the brain.

suprachiasmatic neurons

The ________ are a group of neurons found in the hypothalamus.

cortical gray matter

The cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres, each with ________ overlaying white matter and basal nuclei.

Sensory signals

________ are carried to the CNS by afferent neurons.

majority of gray matter

The ________ is found on the brain's surface, bordering the white matter.

gray matter

Ventricles, ________, and white matter are all components of the brain.

Multiple neurons' axons

________ are frequently bundled together to produce nerves in more sophisticated organisms.

Efferent neurons

________ work in either the motor system (which sends signals to skeletal muscles) or the autonomic nervous system (which controls smooth and cardiac muscles)

nervous systems

Hydras, jellyfish, and other cnidarians are the most primitive creatures to have ________.

tau protein

The ________ is the main component of the neurofibrillary tangles seen in Alzheimer's disease.

Cerebrospinal fluid

________, which is produced in the brain by filtering arterial blood, fills both the canal and the ventricles.

White matter

________ constitutes the outer layer of the spinal cord, indicating its role in connecting the CNS to sensory and motor neurons in the PNS.

spinal cord

The ________ travels longitudinally inside the vertebral column, also known as the spine, invertebrates (as shown in the attached image)

gray matter

The brain and spinal cord include ________ and white matter in addition to fluid- filled areas.

cerebrospinal fluid

The ________ delivers wastes and nutrients to the CNS, flowing via the ventricles and central canal before emptying into the veins.

White matter

________ is made up of bundled axons.