Chapter 2: Biology of Mind

Refractory Period

________:** in neural processing, a brief resting pause that occurs after a neuron has fired; subsequent action potentials can not occur until the axon returns to its resting state.

Otfrid Foster

In the 1930s, ________ and Wilder Penfield mapped out the motor cortex on hundreds of patients that were fully awake /

Antagonists

________ decrease a neurotransmitters action by blocking production or release.

MRI

________ (magnestic resonance imaging) brain scans use strong magnetic fields around your head.

Constraint

________- induced therapy trys to rewire brians and also improve the dexterity of a damaged brain.

myelin sheath

Some axons are encased in a(n) ________ that isulates them and speeds the impulses.

Optogentics

________ is a technique that allows neuroscientis to have the ability to control individual neurons activity.

Electroencephalogram

________ (EEG):** an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brains surface.

somatosensory coretex

The ________ specializes in receiving information from sense on the skin such as touch, temperature, and movements of body parts.

Somatosensory Cortex

________:** an area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations.

Acetylcholine

________ (ACh) plays a role in learning and memory.

Aristotle

________ believed that the heart was where the mind was, pumping warth throughout the body.

Nuclear test

________ during 1945- 1963 during the Cold War later allowed scientiis to confrim the creation of new brain neurons.

Plasticity

________:** the brains ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorgonizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience.

Synapse

________:** the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron.

spinal cord

The ________ both sends and receives information connecting to the peripheral nervous system as well as the brain.

endocrine system

Hypothalamus:** a neural structure lying below (hypo) the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the ________ via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.

Agonist

________:** a molecule that increases a neurotransmitters action.

sensory input

Cerebellum:** the "little brain "at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing ________, coordinating movement output and balance, and enabling nonverbal learning and memory.

Oxycotin

________ enables contractions with birthing, the flow of breastmilk, and orgasms.

Interneurons

________:** neurons within the brain and spinal cord; they communicate internally and process information between the sensory inputs and motor outputs.

magnetoencephalgraphy

A(n) ________ (MEG) mesuaasres the magnetic fields from the natural electrical activity in the brain.

nonverbal learning

The cerebellum allows for ________, skill memories, judge time, modulate our emotions, and differentiate the differences between sounds and textures.

Neurotransmitters

________:** chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons.

Franz Gall

________, a German physician, proposed that phrenology, the study of bumps on the skull, was a way to see the persons mental abilities as well as their charateristics, during the early 1800s.

Magnetoencephalography

________ (MEG):** a brain- imaging technique that measures magnetic fields from the brains natural electrical activity.

Gustav Fritsch

________ and Eduard Hitzig discovered the motor cortex.

Sympathetic

________ and parasympathetic nervous system work together and maintain homeostasis.

North America

The UK had 29 different phrenological societies during one time that went all around ________ and gave skull readings.

tiny groups

They can selectively lesion (destroy) ________ of irregular or regulat brain cells without hurting the cells around them.

ANS

________ influences functions such as glangulat activity, heartbeat, and digestion (Automatic means "self- regulating)

Reasearchers

________ have been able to produce stem cells the are similar to fuctionging human neurons.

British psychologist

________, Sir Charles Sherrington (1857- 1952) noticed that neural impulses took an unexpectedly long time to travel a neural pathway.

Phillip Vogel

In 1961, ________ and Joseph Bogen thought that major epeleptic seizures were caused from abnormal brain activity moving from the two cerebral hemispheres.

Medulla

________:** the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing.

Corpus Callosum

________:** the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them.

Phrenology

________ succeed in brining attention that different regions of the brain have various functions.

Neurogenesis

________:** the formation of new neurons.

Reflex

________:** a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee- jerk response.

Dendrites

________:** a neurons often bushy, branching extensions that receive and integrate messages, conducting impulses toward the cell body.

Hormones

________:** chemical messages that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues.

Optic nerves

________ gather million axons into a single message from the eye to the brain.

Agonist molecules

________ increase the actions of neurotransmitters, or block reuptake in the synapse.

PET

________ (positrion emission tomography) scan shows the brain activity by showing the each are of the brains consumption of its chemical fuel.

sensory receptors

The brain has no ________.

Glial Cells

________ (Gila):** cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons; they also play a role in learning, thinking, and memory.

Endorphins

________ explain good feelings such as "runners high, "painkilling effects of acupuncture, and indifference to pain in some severely injured people.

pituitary

The ________ is a growth hormone that stimulates the physical aspects of development.

Master stem cells

________ can develop into any type of brain cell.

Biological psychologists

________ use new technologies that let them study the links between osycholigal process as well as biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) process.