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Refractory Period
________:** in neural processing, a brief resting pause that occurs after a neuron has fired; subsequent action potentials can not occur until the axon returns to its resting state.
Otfrid Foster
In the 1930s, ________ and Wilder Penfield mapped out the motor cortex on hundreds of patients that were fully awake /
Antagonists
________ decrease a neurotransmitters action by blocking production or release.
MRI
________ (magnestic resonance imaging) brain scans use strong magnetic fields around your head.
Constraint
________- induced therapy trys to rewire brians and also improve the dexterity of a damaged brain.
myelin sheath
Some axons are encased in a(n) ________ that isulates them and speeds the impulses.
Optogentics
________ is a technique that allows neuroscientis to have the ability to control individual neurons activity.
Electroencephalogram
________ (EEG):** an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brains surface.
somatosensory coretex
The ________ specializes in receiving information from sense on the skin such as touch, temperature, and movements of body parts.
Somatosensory Cortex
________:** an area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations.
Acetylcholine
________ (ACh) plays a role in learning and memory.
Aristotle
________ believed that the heart was where the mind was, pumping warth throughout the body.
Nuclear test
________ during 1945- 1963 during the Cold War later allowed scientiis to confrim the creation of new brain neurons.
Plasticity
________:** the brains ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorgonizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience.
Synapse
________:** the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron.
spinal cord
The ________ both sends and receives information connecting to the peripheral nervous system as well as the brain.
endocrine system
Hypothalamus:** a neural structure lying below (hypo) the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the ________ via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.
Agonist
________:** a molecule that increases a neurotransmitters action.
sensory input
Cerebellum:** the "little brain "at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing ________, coordinating movement output and balance, and enabling nonverbal learning and memory.
Oxycotin
________ enables contractions with birthing, the flow of breastmilk, and orgasms.
Interneurons
________:** neurons within the brain and spinal cord; they communicate internally and process information between the sensory inputs and motor outputs.
magnetoencephalgraphy
A(n) ________ (MEG) mesuaasres the magnetic fields from the natural electrical activity in the brain.
nonverbal learning
The cerebellum allows for ________, skill memories, judge time, modulate our emotions, and differentiate the differences between sounds and textures.
Neurotransmitters
________:** chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons.
Franz Gall
________, a German physician, proposed that phrenology, the study of bumps on the skull, was a way to see the persons mental abilities as well as their charateristics, during the early 1800s.
Magnetoencephalography
________ (MEG):** a brain- imaging technique that measures magnetic fields from the brains natural electrical activity.
Gustav Fritsch
________ and Eduard Hitzig discovered the motor cortex.
Sympathetic
________ and parasympathetic nervous system work together and maintain homeostasis.
North America
The UK had 29 different phrenological societies during one time that went all around ________ and gave skull readings.
tiny groups
They can selectively lesion (destroy) ________ of irregular or regulat brain cells without hurting the cells around them.
ANS
________ influences functions such as glangulat activity, heartbeat, and digestion (Automatic means "self- regulating)
Reasearchers
________ have been able to produce stem cells the are similar to fuctionging human neurons.
British psychologist
________, Sir Charles Sherrington (1857- 1952) noticed that neural impulses took an unexpectedly long time to travel a neural pathway.
Phillip Vogel
In 1961, ________ and Joseph Bogen thought that major epeleptic seizures were caused from abnormal brain activity moving from the two cerebral hemispheres.
Medulla
________:** the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing.
Corpus Callosum
________:** the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them.
Phrenology
________ succeed in brining attention that different regions of the brain have various functions.
Neurogenesis
________:** the formation of new neurons.
Reflex
________:** a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee- jerk response.
Dendrites
________:** a neurons often bushy, branching extensions that receive and integrate messages, conducting impulses toward the cell body.
Hormones
________:** chemical messages that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues.
Optic nerves
________ gather million axons into a single message from the eye to the brain.
Agonist molecules
________ increase the actions of neurotransmitters, or block reuptake in the synapse.
PET
________ (positrion emission tomography) scan shows the brain activity by showing the each are of the brains consumption of its chemical fuel.
sensory receptors
The brain has no ________.
Glial Cells
________ (Gila):** cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons; they also play a role in learning, thinking, and memory.
Endorphins
________ explain good feelings such as "runners high, "painkilling effects of acupuncture, and indifference to pain in some severely injured people.
pituitary
The ________ is a growth hormone that stimulates the physical aspects of development.
Master stem cells
________ can develop into any type of brain cell.
Biological psychologists
________ use new technologies that let them study the links between osycholigal process as well as biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) process.
