Chapter 21 - Metallurgy and the Chemistry of Metals

Seawater

________ has many metal ions, including Na+, Mg2+ and Ca2+, which are rich.

solid solution

A(n) ________ of two or more metals, or a metal or metals with one or more nonmetals, is known as an alloy.

normal temperature

Metals are shiny, solid at ________, have good heat, the characteristics conductors, malleable, and ductile.

high temperatures

Several elements are semiconductors, which means that they are generally not conductors but can conduct electricity at ________ or when mixed with a little number of other elements.

Metallic bonding

________ is based on band theory, which asserts that delocalized electrons can easily flow through "bands "created by overlapping molecular orbitals.

Acceptor impurities

________ are those that are lacking in electrons.

Ore

________ is a mineral deposit that is concentrated enough to allow for the economic recovery of the desired metal.

Minerals

________ provide the majority of metals.

Silicate minerals

________ are slowly decomposed by wind and rain and are converted to more soluble compounds over a long period.

elemental form

The ________ does not exist in nature; bauxite is the primary resource.

Calcium

________ is a necessary component of all living things.

calcium ion

The ________ is present in a complex phosphate salt, hydroxyapatite, Ca5 (PO4) 3OH, which is the main component of bones and teeth.

Aluminum

________ is suitable for use in solid propellants for rockets, such as those used in some space shuttles, because of its characteristic.

mineral

A(n) ________ is a naturally occurring substance that can have a wide variety of chemical compositions.

Alkali metals

________ are found in combination with halide, sulfate, carbonate, and silicate ions and are never found in their elemental form.

Magnets

________ have a strong attraction to ferromagnetic metals.

Metals

________ tend to form cations and almost always have positive numbers of oxidation in their compounds, because they generally are lowly electronegativity.

abundant metal

In the Earth's crust, aluminum is the most ________ and the third most abundant element.

Mercury

________ may combine with a variety of metals to generate amalgams.

P type semiconductors

________ are those that contain acceptor impurities, with the letter p standing for positive.

temperatures of alkali metals

The melting ________ are low, and they are soft enough to be cut with a knife.

N type semiconductors

________ are solids that include donor impurities, where n stands for negative.

high temperatures

Pyrometallurgy, or procedures carried out at ________, is now used in the majority of key metallurgical processes.