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16 Terms

1
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Properties of water and whatnot kkksa

Water is a polar molecule with high heat capacity, cohesion, and adhesion due to hydrogen bonding. asdas

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Carbohydrates

Composed of monosaccharides, they provide energy and structural support in cells.

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Lipids!!

Hydrophobic molecules including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, involved in energy storage and cell membrane structure.

4
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Proteins

Made up of amino acids, they have diverse functions such as enzymatic activity and structural support.

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Nucleic acids hello ça va

DNA and RNA, responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information.

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Enzymes

Catalysts that speed up biochemical reactions by lowering activation energy.

7
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Cell theory

All living organisms are composed of cells, which are the basic units of structure and function, and arise from pre-existing cells.

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Prokaryotic vs

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have them.

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Nucleus

Contains DNA and controls cell activities.

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Mitochondria

Site of cellular respiration and ATP production.

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Endoplasmic reticulum

Involved in protein and lipid synthesis.

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Golgi apparatus

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for transport.

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Lysosomes

Contain digestive enzymes for intracellular digestion.

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Cell membrane

Composed of a phospholipid bilayer, regulates substance passage in and out of the cell.

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Photosynthesis

Light-dependent reactions convert light energy into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH) in the thylakoid membranes. Light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle) use ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 into glucose in the stroma.

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Cellular respiration

Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH in the cytoplasm.