Chapter 14 - Signaling Pathways that Control Gene Activity

Intrinsic serine threonine kinase

________ can be released through TGFB which releases a nuclear- localized signal after R- Smad moves out of the way.

Ligands

________ trigger functional dimeric receptors and phosphorylation located in the lip in the kinases into a formation.

Peptide sequences

________ with phosphotyrosine attach themselves to SH2 and PTB domains in signal- transducing proteins.

transcription factors

The complex and ________ help with the expression of target genes.

Proliferation

________ can be blocked due to TGFB signaling.

RANKL

________ and RANK, its receptor, binding together results in bone resorption.

dimeric growth factor

A(n) ________ can be released through mechanisms.

Degradation

________ and ubiquitination of I- kB releases NF- kB which moves towards the nucleus.

Adapter

________ protein GRB2 and Sos, associated with GEF activity, are both directly linked to RTKs.

Ras

________ needs a guanine nucleotide exchange factor and GTPase activating protein for cycling.

Erythropoietin

________ helps prevent down- regulation and elevated the number of blood cells.

Dimerize

________ when binding with ligands.

DNA techniques

________ can be produced by cell surface receptors and can be used as decoy receptors.

JAK

________ protein tyrosine kinase and cytokine receptors are associated with each other and ________ protein tyrosine kinase can send stream signaling which helps with the activity of proteins and the transcription of certain genes.

STAT

________ monomers and JAKs aid in the activation of transcription by dimerizing and moving towards the nucleus of the cell.

TCF

________ and SRF promote the transcription of some early response genes.

IP3 AG pathway

The ________ can be initiated by RTKs and Cytokine receptors.

PI 3 phosphates

________ are bonded through the PH domain of proteins, which helps to form signaling complexes in the plasma membrane.

NF kB

________ helps to regulate genes that tell cells to respond to infections and inflammation in the body.

R Smad

________ binds to co- Smad, and that results in the created complex entering the nucleus.

MAP kinase pathways

________ are found in yeast and higher eukaryotes and are triggered through the activation of receptors.

Protein kinase B

________ needs PI 3- phosphates and PDK1 to fully activate.

sensitivity of hormones

The ________ can be decreased through the number of receptor tyrosine kinases and cytokine receptors on the cell surface due to the receptor hormones degradation in lysosomes.

Erythropoietin

________ helps to induce proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow erythroid progenitor cells, along with preventing apoptosis.

Ras

________ is a type of GTPase protein that has similar downstream functions to RTKs.

STAT

________ is phosphorylated by JAKs dimerize, move to the nucleus, and activate transcription.

STAT

________ and JAK create a pathway that is downstream and comes into contact with all cytokine receptors.