Civil War

President James Buchanan

________ told Congress in December 1860 that no state had the right to secede from the Union but suggested that the federal government had no authority to stop a state if it did.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

________, speaking for much of the North, said at the time:"I do not see how a barbarous community and a civilized community can constitute one state ..

Homestead Act

The ________ of 1862 permitted any citizen or prospective citizen to claim 160 acres of public land and to purchase it for a small fee after living on it for five years.

secession

Acts of force or violence to support ________ were insurrectionary.

Montgomery

In February 1861, representatives of the seven seceded states met at ________, Alabama, and announced the formation of a new nation: the Confederate States of America.

National Bank Acts

The ________ of 1863- 1864 created a new national banking system.

In February 1861, representatives of the seven seceded states met at Montgomery, Alabama, and announced the formation of a new nation

the Confederate States of America

Confederate guns on shore fired at the vessel-the first shots between North and South

and turned it back

As the southern states began to secede, Abraham Lincoln spoke of American liberty

"It was not the mere matter of the separation of the Colonies from the motherland; but that sentiment in the Declaration of Independence which gave liberty, not alone to the people of this country, but, I hope, to the world, for all future time

Ralph Waldo Emerson, speaking for much of the North, said at the time

"I do not see how a barbarous community and a civilized community can constitute one state."

And a slave owner, expressing the sentiments of much of the South, said shortly after the election of Lincoln

"These [Northern] people hate us, annoy us, and would have us assassinated by our slaves if they dared

As the war began, only one thing was clear

all the important material advantages lay with the North

In addition, the North had a much better transportation system than did the South and, in particular, more and better railroads

twice as much trackage as the Confederacy and a much better integrated system of lines

It created two new federally chartered corporations

the Union Pacific Railroad Company, which was to build westward from Omaha, and the Central Pacific, which was to build eastward from California, settling the pre-war conflict over the location of the line

More difficult than promoting economic growth was fi

nancing the war

The government tried to do so in three ways

by levying taxes, issuing paper currency, and borrowing

Bering Srait

Connected Russsia to America during Ice Age

Cahokia

Bodies of noblemen and 260 other adults

Mississipian Culture

Traded metal work

Monte Verde

Andes

Mound Builders

Adena and Hopewell

Olmec

Rubber People

Pueblos

Complex irrigation and produced pottery, baskets, and cotton clothes

Clovis culture

New Mexico, Came During Ice Age, Used Bering Strait, spear heads

First Crop

Corn

mayans

Mastered farming

Archaic Period

Overpopulated, Decrease Land for farming

Aristotle

Platos Student, Earth revolved around sun

Athens

Banned slavery, supported equal rights

Sparta

"The Scattered" Ruled by select few

Alexander the Great

son of Philip II; received military training in Macedonian army and was a student of Aristotle; great leader; conquered much land in Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, and Mesopotamia; goal was to conquer the known world

Classical Era

Classical greek philosophy, art, and drama flourished

Calakmul

Dominated the maya region along with Tikal (it's rival). Tikal king defeated Calakmul and monumental construction reached its peak. It is very close to the Guatemalan border, one of the largest and most powerful ancient cities. This was the seat of what was known as Snake Kingdom.

Cyrus the Great

King of Kings, Among Equals

Darius the great

Great King, Less willing to permit Autonomy

Democracy

Ruled by entire body of citicizens

Minoans

One of the early proto-Greek peoples from 2600 BCE to 1500 BCE. Inhabitants of the island of Crete. Their site of Knossos is pictured above.

Mycenaens

Civilization that conquered the Minoans. Very warlike. like the Spartans.

Polis

Greek word for city state

Hellenistic Period

that culture associated with the spread of Greek influence as a result of Macedonian conquests; often seen as the combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms

Helots

Spartan word for their slaves, who were the conquered Messenians

Persepolis

A complex of palaces, reception halls, and treasury buildings erected by the Persian kings Darius I and Xerxes in the Persian homelan

Persian wars

A series of wars between the Greeks (mainly Athens) and the Persians in which the Greeks were usually victorious.

Peloponnesian Wars

a war fought between Athens and Sparta in the 400s BC, ending in a victory for Sparta

Royal Road

A road for the government use built by the ancient Persian ruler Darius which helped unite the empire

Castrum

Roman military encampment

Caesar Augustus

He established his rule after the death of Julius Caesar and he is considered the first Roman Emperor.

Conflict of the orders

the struggle between the plebians and the patricians

Consul

An elected official who led the Roman Republic

Crisis of the Third Century

Sassanid Wars, Battle od Edessa, Plague of Cyprian

Diocletian

Roman emperor who divided the empire into a West and an East section.

Pax Romana

Roman Peace

Princeps

First citizen

Punic Wars

A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean.

Roman Empire

Existed from 27 BCE to about 400 CE. Conquiered entire Mediterranean coast and most of Europe. Ruled by an emperor. Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity.

Roman Republic

This establishment consisted of the Senate with two consuls who were elected by an assembly dominated by hereditary aristocrats known as patricians.

Senate

Advisory body composed of the most prestigious statesmen of Rome

Tribune of the Plebs

10 Roman officials elected annually, who come from Plebian class, protected pleb rights. They had special protection against attack from opponents. Called meetings for the Council of the Plebs.

Abbassid Caliphate

Ruled over Islams Golden Age

Ali Ibn Abi Talib

Muhammed's son in law

Averroes

Muslim philosopher who used Greek philosophy to explain Islamic truth.

Battle of Badr

first major battle between Meccans and Medinans seen as a miraculous victory by the Muslim forces

Caliph

Successor of Muhammad, Messenger of God

Hegira

flight; escape

Jizya

Poll tax that non-Muslims had to pay when living within a Muslim empire

Mecca

Holy city of Islam

Muhammad Ibn Abd Allah

-570 CE - Muhammad born in Mecc

Rashidun Caliphate

Rightly guided

Ridda Wars

Wars that followed Muhammad's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam

Samarra

location of the Great Mosque, world's largest mosque at the time it was built

Shi a

Muslim who believe only caliphs Ali was rightly guided

Sunni

A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad

Umayyad Caliphate

(661-750 CE) The Islamic caliphate that established a capital at Damascus, conquered North Africa, the Iberian Pennisula, Southwest Asia, and Persia, and had a bureaucracy with only Arab Muslims able to be a part of it.

Byzantine Empire

Greek Legally Roman

Caesaropapism

when one person has rule over both the political and religious affairs

Charlemagne

800 AD crowned by the Pope as the head of the Holy Roman Empire, which extended from northern Spain to western Germany and northern Italy. His palace was at Aachen in central Europe

Common Law

A legal system based on custom and court rulings

Communes

Collective farms grouped together to organize farming and plan public services

Constaninople

Capital of the Byzantine Empire

Corpus Juris Civilis

The basis of most European countries' legal system. Guilty until proven innocent, judge is part of the persecution, emphasis on the power of the government

Eastern Orthodoxy

Church established in the Byzantine Empire after the split from the Roman Catholic Church; Greek & Russian Orthodox Churches descend from this

Feudalism

A system of government based on landowners and tenants

Franks

A Germanic people who settled in the Roman province of Gaul.

Gothic Architecture

Architecture of the twelfth-century Europe, featuring stained-glass windows, flying buttresses, tall spires, and pointed arches

Hagia Sophia

Tallest Church Famous for Light

Iconoclasm

A belief that the practice of worshiping and honoring objects such as icons was sinful.

Icons

Holy images

Justinian I

Purple color of Emporer

Definitive Roman Law

Last to know latin

Magna Carta

(1215) a charter of liberties (freedoms) that King John "Lackland" of England was forced to sign; it made the king obey the same laws as the citizens of his kingdom

Norse

Relating to ancient Scandinavia, its inhabitants, or their language

Universities

They played a major role in spreading Renaissance ideas from Italy to northern Europe

Treaty of Verdun

843 Treaty that ended power struggle of Charlemagne's 3 sons after his death and split Franks into 3 kingdoms

Twelfth Century Renaissance

Philosophic and scientific advancements made during this time paved the way for the Italian Renaissance. Monasteries and cathedrals served as intellectual centers of learning. There is a larger spread of people and ideas during this period. Universities are started during this time.

Vinland

Newfoundland in Canada around 1000 (called Vinland because of the wild grapes) settled by Leif Ericsson

Axum

first two kingdoms to convert to christianity

Bantu

The people who spread throughout Africa spreading agriculture, language, and iron.

Bantu Migrations

• African slash-and-burn farmers moved for fresh soi

Berbers

N. African Desert Nomads