CITA HATI 8D SCIENCE (2022-2023 UAS)

3 Types of rocks

igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic

What are igneous rocks?

Rocks formed from magma or lava

What is the process of humans mating two species, varieties, or breeds (to usually) achieve complementary traits?

Selective breeding

How does the sun appear to move across the sky?

The sun moves from east to west, the sun is at it's highest point on mid-day

What 8 planets make the solar system (in order)?

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mar, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune

What are the terrestrial planets and their characteristics?

Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars
Made of rocky material, very few moons, relatively small, don't have rings, surfaces solid

What is an asteroid belt?

It is a flat disk of rocky object full of reminance from the solar system's formation in between Mars and Jupiter.

What is used to test the specific pH of a substance?

Universal indicator

What is used to test if a substance is an acid, base, or neutral?

Litmus paper

What is a natural material used to test if a substance is an acid or base?

Natural indicator

What is the pH of a neutral substance?

7

What is an example of a strong acid

Hydrochloric Acid (HCL), lemons, vinegar, sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

What is the opposite of an acid?

Base/ Alkali

What is the formula for photosynthesis?

CO2+H2O->C6H12O6+O2

What are examples of substances that have a pH of 7? (Neutral)

Pure water

Cleaning substances [Soap, baking soda dish soap, toothpaste, etc.] are usually... (Acids/Bases)

Bases (Alkalis)

What is neutralization?

a chemical reaction between an acid and a base (pH value of reaction becomes closer to 7)

What is the pH of a substance when the red paper turns blue, and the blue paper turns blue?

The substance is an alkaline (pH 8-14)

How long does it take for the Earth to complete one whole rotation, on it's axis?

24 hours

What is the unit of measurement for frequency?

Hertz (Hz)

What is the unit of measurement for sound?

Decibels (dB)

What did Nicolaus Copernicus suggest?

That the Earth orbited the sun, the heliocentric model

Sound is caused by...

Vibrations (Moving back and forth in equilibrium point) [Ex: Pendulum]

Amplitude determines a sound's...

Volume

1 Oscillation is...

1 Crest + 1 Trough

What is the wavelength symbol?

Lambda (λ)

What is a meteoroid?

Objects in space ranging in size from dust grains to small asteroids

What is a meteor?

When meteoroids enters a planets atmosphere at high speed and burns up

What is a meteorite?

When a meteoroid survives a trip through the atmosphere and hits the ground

What is a comet?

They are frozen leftovers from the formation of the solar system composed of dust, rock and ice.

Big bang?

The start of the universe

What are the 4 layers of the Earth?

Crust, Mantle, outer core and Inner core

What are asteroids?

Rocky remnants left over from the early formation of our solar system

What are stars?

A giant ball of hot, glowing gas

In the picture below, name all the bird species.

W= Geospiza
X= Platyspiza
Y= Certhidea
Z= Camarhynchus

What is "variation"?

The differences between different living things, these are called characteristics

Put these in order.
DNA molecules, nucleus, chromatids, genes, chromosome and 3 units which are found inside of...

Nucleus, chromatids, chromosome (chromatids but in a different structure), genes (code for amino acids), DNA molecules (macro-molecules), there are 3 units inside DNA.

What is DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid, it is a polimer that contains genetic information, has 2 polynucleotide chains that forms a double helix

What are sperm and egg cells?

Gametes

What is fertilization and what is formed after?

The joining/fusing of a sperm cell with an egg cell, a zygote is formed

What are the 2 types of characteristics, explain.

Continous - It can vary depending on genes and the environment
Discontinous - Characteristics that are formed only by genes (Ex: diseases, blood group)

What is inheritance?

The passing of DNA from the parents to their offspring

Who did experiments on inheritance of characteristics/genetics?

Gregor Mendel

What is natural selection?

The idea that the best-suited organisms survive and pass along their traits to their offspring. (Survival of the fittest)

What is selective breeding?

Crossing organisms to produce offspring with desirable traits (Ex: For larger fruits, thicker fur, longer lifespan, etc.)

Who created the natural selection theory?

Charles Darwin

What are punnet squares used for?

Predicting the result of genotypes and/or phenotypes of an offspring

What is a phenotype?

Physical characteristics of an organism

What is a genotype?

Genetic makeup of an organism

What does DNA stand for?

Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid/Deoxyribonucleic Acid

What is "tt"?

Homozygous recessive

How many chromosomes do humans have?

46 (23 pairs)

What is "TT"?

Homozygous dominant

4 steps of natural selection

Overproduction, variation, competition, selection

What part of a plant cell is where photosynthesis takes place?

Chloroplast

The result of the reaction between carbon dioxide and water are...

Glucose and oxygen

Some of the most important minerals needed for plants are...

Nitrogen, magnesium, phosphorus, and potasium