Chapter 17 - Spontaneity, Entropy, and Free Energy

significance of exothermicity

The ________ as a driving force depends on the temperature at which the process occurs.

constant temperature

A process occurring at ________ and pressure is spontaneous in the direction in which its free energy decreases.

▵ G °

________ is the free energy change for the reaction with all reactants and products at a pressure of 1 atm.

▵G°

The number of moles of each reactant (nr) and product (np) must be used when calculating ________ for a reaction.

Q

________* is the reaction quotient (from the law of mass action)

Thermodynamics

________ considers only the initial and final states and does not require knowledge of the pathway between reactants and products.

Entropy

________ can be viewed as a measure of molecular randomness or disorder.

chemical reaction

For a(n) ________, ▵* S* sys is dominated by changes in the number of gaseous molecules.

Exothermicity

________ is most important as a driving force at low temperatures.

Solids

________ are more ordered than liquids or gases and thus have lower entropy.