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field of biology
study of microbes
focuses on acellular microbes
Microbiology
absence of cells
non-existence of life
Acellular
it is not considered a living organism
Viruses
it contains cells
cellular
it has an ability to cause disease
agent that is capable of infecting
Pathogens
it describes the characteristics of the agent
pathogenic
organisms that do not cause harm in our body
nonpathogens
Acellular microbes and Cellular microbes
What are the 2 major categories of microbes?
Acellular microbes
it is also known as infectious particles
prions and viruses
they are microorganisms
prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Cellular microbes
protein molecules that are infectious
What are prions?
What are viruses?
infectious microbes
Are archaea and bacteria the same?
Archaea are considered as an ancient bacteria but later on found out that they do not share characteristics
What are under Eukaryotes?
algae
fungi
protozoa
parasites
Algae have the ability to conduct photosynthesis
True
Fungi does not have chlorophyll
True
Protozoa are single-celled
True
Worms are examples of parasites
True
they are microorganisms that can be found in and out of the body, it serves as a protection; inhabiting, thriving in that part
Indigenous flora
Are indigenous flora found in the digestive sytem?
Yes, more specifically in the intestines. They occupy space and making use of resources in that area. No opportunities for other microorganisms to invade that part.
They secrete substances, releases substances that is considered as toxic to other microorganism
indigenous flora
What are opportunistic pathogens?
they won’t cause disease but when opportunity strikes they grab it
they already exists, possible to invade other parts of body that may become pathogenic (pag nag-iba habitat)
examples would be intestines, may pathogens na ma ga gain pag nilagay sa diff. habitat
Why are microbes essential for life on this planet?
blood clotting, chloroplasts
they use oxygen; cellular respiration - Electron Transport Chain then it generates ATP
Decomposition of dead organisms and the waste products of living organisms
they are the decomposer
recycles nutrients
organic substances to inorganic substances; which serves as nutrients for the producers “plants”
Bioremediation
another decomposition process
industrial wastes; oil spills
bacteria will release it to nontoxic for it to be useful
Microbial ecology
nitrogen to nitrates
uses electrical charges like lightning to generate energy
biological fixation; use of bacteria - converting nitrogen gas into nitrates
nitrogen cannot be absorbed by plants
3-5% (small percent but huge damage)
Nitrates
present in soil
available for producers or plants
Algae and Cyanobacteria serves as a food for tiny animals
Cyanobacteria possess chlorophyll which is used for photosynthesis for the producers
Biotechnology
medications
vaccines
Genetic engineering
manipulate genetic material
genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
Bt crops - Bacillus thuringiensis crops; plants genetically engineered to contain the endospore toxins of the bacterium to be resistant to certain insect pests
if nag reproduce it will produce the same characteristic
Cell models
mga pinag-aaralan due to microorganism’s characteristic, reproducing; bacteria
exponential growth ; multiplying to itself
Diseases
infectious, microbial intoxication
diseases that are related to microbes (kahit nakakapag cause ng disease)
Infectious Disease
pathogen causes a disease
a pathogen colonizes a person’s body
Microbial Intoxication
a pathogen produces a toxin in a vitro
a person ingest the toxin; the toxin causes a disease
Who were the pioneers in the Science of Microbiology?
Anton Van Leewenhoek
Louis Pasteur
Robert Koch
Who is Anton Van Leewenhoek?
father of microbiology
father of bacteriology
father of protozoology
not a scientist
discover and invented the microscope
gumawa siya maraming microscope para makita maraming specimen
first one to observe live bacteria
Who is Louis Pasteur?
discovered what occurs during alcoholic fermentation
discovered that forms of life that could exist in the absence of oxygen
introduced aerobes and anaerboes
pasteurization
infectious agents that caused silkworm disease
made significant contributions to the germ theory of disease
he states that specific microbes cause specific infectious disease; anthrax and tuberculosis
championed changes in hospital practices to minimize the spread of disease
he developed vaccines; preventing chicken cholera, anthrax and swine erysipelas
developed vaccine to prevent rabies in dogs
successfully used the vaccine to treat human rabies
Alcoholic fermentation
different types of microbes produce different types of products
Germ theory of disease
theory that states specific microbes cause specific infectious diseases
Pasteurization
sterilization
application of heat
killing microorganism
expose around 63-65 degree celsius (30 mins)
73-75 degree celsius (few seconds)
Anaerobes
do not depend on oxygen but other matter to generate ATP
absence of oxygen
What is Germ theory of disease?
• Theory that states specific microbes cause specific infectious diseases
• positive agent responsible for infectious diseases
Anthrax
Caused by Bacillus anthracis
Tuberculosis
Caused by microbacteria
Pasteurization
Sterilization
Killing microorganisms
Expose around 63-65°C (30 mins) , 73-75°C (few seconds)
Note
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