Micropara 1

field of biology

study of microbes

focuses on acellular microbes

Microbiology

absence of cells

non-existence of life

Acellular

it is not considered a living organism

Viruses

it contains cells

cellular

it has an ability to cause disease

agent that is capable of infecting

Pathogens

it describes the characteristics of the agent

pathogenic

organisms that do not cause harm in our body

nonpathogens

Acellular microbes and Cellular microbes

What are the 2 major categories of microbes?

Acellular microbes

it is also known as infectious particles

prions and viruses

they are microorganisms

prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Cellular microbes

protein molecules that are infectious

What are prions?

What are viruses?

infectious microbes

Are archaea and bacteria the same?

Archaea are considered as an ancient bacteria but later on found out that they do not share characteristics

What are under Eukaryotes?

algae

fungi

protozoa

parasites

Algae have the ability to conduct photosynthesis

True

Fungi does not have chlorophyll

True

Protozoa are single-celled

True

Worms are examples of parasites

True

they are microorganisms that can be found in and out of the body, it serves as a protection; inhabiting, thriving in that part

Indigenous flora

Are indigenous flora found in the digestive sytem?

Yes, more specifically in the intestines. They occupy space and making use of resources in that area. No opportunities for other microorganisms to invade that part.

They secrete substances, releases substances that is considered as toxic to other microorganism

indigenous flora

What are opportunistic pathogens?

they won’t cause disease but when opportunity strikes they grab it

they already exists, possible to invade other parts of body that may become pathogenic (pag nag-iba habitat)

examples would be intestines, may pathogens na ma ga gain pag nilagay sa diff. habitat

Why are microbes essential for life on this planet?

blood clotting, chloroplasts

they use oxygen; cellular respiration - Electron Transport Chain then it generates ATP

Decomposition of dead organisms and the waste products of living organisms

they are the decomposer

recycles nutrients

organic substances to inorganic substances; which serves as nutrients for the producers “plants”

Bioremediation

another decomposition process

industrial wastes; oil spills

bacteria will release it to nontoxic for it to be useful

Microbial ecology

nitrogen to nitrates

uses electrical charges like lightning to generate energy

biological fixation; use of bacteria - converting nitrogen gas into nitrates

nitrogen cannot be absorbed by plants

3-5% (small percent but huge damage)

Nitrates

present in soil

available for producers or plants

Algae and Cyanobacteria serves as a food for tiny animals

Cyanobacteria possess chlorophyll which is used for photosynthesis for the producers

Biotechnology

medications

vaccines

Genetic engineering

manipulate genetic material

genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

Bt crops - Bacillus thuringiensis crops; plants genetically engineered to contain the endospore toxins of the bacterium to be resistant to certain insect pests

if nag reproduce it will produce the same characteristic

Cell models

mga pinag-aaralan due to microorganism’s characteristic, reproducing; bacteria

exponential growth ; multiplying to itself

Diseases

infectious, microbial intoxication

diseases that are related to microbes (kahit nakakapag cause ng disease)

Infectious Disease

pathogen causes a disease

a pathogen colonizes a person’s body

Microbial Intoxication

a pathogen produces a toxin in a vitro

a person ingest the toxin; the toxin causes a disease

Who were the pioneers in the Science of Microbiology?

Anton Van Leewenhoek

Louis Pasteur

Robert Koch

Who is Anton Van Leewenhoek?

father of microbiology

father of bacteriology

father of protozoology

not a scientist

discover and invented the microscope

gumawa siya maraming microscope para makita maraming specimen

first one to observe live bacteria

Who is Louis Pasteur?

discovered what occurs during alcoholic fermentation

discovered that forms of life that could exist in the absence of oxygen

introduced aerobes and anaerboes

pasteurization

infectious agents that caused silkworm disease

made significant contributions to the germ theory of disease

he states that specific microbes cause specific infectious disease; anthrax and tuberculosis

championed changes in hospital practices to minimize the spread of disease

he developed vaccines; preventing chicken cholera, anthrax and swine erysipelas

developed vaccine to prevent rabies in dogs

successfully used the vaccine to treat human rabies

Alcoholic fermentation

different types of microbes produce different types of products

Germ theory of disease

theory that states specific microbes cause specific infectious diseases

Pasteurization

sterilization

application of heat

killing microorganism

expose around 63-65 degree celsius (30 mins)

73-75 degree celsius (few seconds)

Anaerobes

do not depend on oxygen but other matter to generate ATP

absence of oxygen

What is Germ theory of disease?

• Theory that states specific microbes cause specific infectious diseases

• positive agent responsible for infectious diseases

Anthrax

Caused by Bacillus anthracis

Tuberculosis

Caused by microbacteria

Pasteurization

Sterilization

Killing microorganisms

Expose around 63-65°C (30 mins) , 73-75°C (few seconds)