Chapter 4: Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversity

Behavior geneticists

________ can estimate the heritability of a trait through math.

Enviromental factors

________ such as diet, drugs, and strees can affect the epigentic molecules that regulate gene expression.

Androgyny

________**: displaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characteristics.

Intersex individuals

________ may be born with unusual combinations of male and female chromosomes, hormones, and anatomy.

Nurture

________ and nature is the biological reality of early childhood learning.

Hormones

________ trigger a period of dramatic physical change during adolescence, when boys and girls enter puberty.

Heredity

________:** the genetic transfer of characteristics from parents to offspring.

Evolutionary psychologists

________ use Charles Darwins principle of natural selection to understand the causes of behavior and mental process such as.

Genome

________:** the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organisms chromosomes.

Females

________ tend to be more interdependent.

Fraternal

________ (dizygotic) twins develop from two separate fertilized eggs.

social learning theory

The ________ thinks we acquire our identity in childhood, by observing and imitating others and being rewarded or punished in cetain ways.

proportion of variation

Heritability:** the ________ among individuals in a group that we can attribute to genes.

color deficient

Men are 4 times more likely to die by suicide or to develop an alcohol use disorder, more likely to develop autism spectrum disorder, ________ vision, and attention- deficit /hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and is more at risk for antisocial personality disorder.

Child raising practices

________ are based on both individual values and cultural values that vary across time and place.

Collectivism

________:** giving priority to the goals of ones group (often ones extended family or work group) and defining ones identity accordingly.

neural pathways

Experience activates and strengthens some ________ while others weaken from disuse.

Genes

________:** the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; segments of DNA capable of synthesizing proteins.

Girls

________ and womens friendships are more intimate, with more conversation that explores relationships.

Biology

________ does not dictate gender, but in two ways, ________ influences gender:

Secondary

________ Sex**: characteristics nonreproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair.

Puberty

________:** the period of sexual maturation, when a person becomes capable of reproducing.

psychology

Sex:** in ________, the biologically influenced characteristics by which people define male and female.

Individualists

________ do have a human need to belong.

Brain

________ scans suggest that a womans ________, is wired in a way that enables social relationships more then mens.

Interaction

________:** the interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity)

Social Script

________:** a culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations.

Transgender

________**: an umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth- designated sex.

Monozygotic

Identical (________) Twins:** develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms.

genetic success

Nature selects behaviors that increase ________.

Darwins theory of evolution

________ has become a base of principles in biology.

Chromosomes

________:** threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes.

Epigenetics

________:**"above "or "in addition to "(epi) genetics; the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change.

DNA

________ (Deoxyribonucleic Acid):** a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.

Mutations

________ passed down through natural selection allows advantageous mutations to carry on through offspring.

Behavior Genetics

Molecular ________:** the study of how the structure and function of genes interact with our environment to influence behavior.

Aggression

________**: any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally.

Nomadic societies of food gathering people

________ have had little division of labor by sex.

Group identifications

________ provide a sense of belonging, a set of values, and an assurance of security.

Gender identity

________ differs from the behaviors or traits considered typical for that persons birth- designated sex.

behavioral variations

Certain biological and ________ increase organisms reproductive and survival chances in their particular environment.

genetic male

A(n) ________ may be born with normal male hormones and testes but no penis or a very small one.

X Chromosome

________:** the sex chromosome found in both males and females.

feminine role

Gender Typing:** the acquisition of a traditional masculine or ________.

Heredity

________ shapes the personalities of other primates.

psychology

Gender:** in ________, the socially influenced characteristics by which people define boy, girl, man, and woman.

Transgender

________ children typically view themselves in terms of their expressed gender rather than their birth designated sex.

Mutation

________:** a random error in gene replication that leads to a change.

Aggression

Relational ________**: an act of aggression (physical or verbal) intended to harm a persons relationship or social standing.

Psychology

Evolutionary ________:** the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection.