AP US history Unit Four (copy)

Madison v. Marbury (1803)

supreme court case that established a judicial review. American courts can strike down laws and some government actions

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

Marshall Court

Assert federal power over states (McCulloch v. Maryland, Gibbons v. Ogden, Cohens v Virginia); judicial branch determined the meaning of Constitution (Marbury v. Madison)

Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809)

Democratic and Republican

James Madison

"Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States.

Louisana Purchase

treaty between the USA and France where the US bought territory that stretched from the west bank of the MIssissippi River to the Rocky Mountains

War of 1812

A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France.

War of 1812 causes

causes: -pre existing past revolution, British influence on Native Americans, violation of trading rights, British impressment, and U.S desired Canad

War hawks

Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand.

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

strict construction

way of interpreting the Constitution that allows the federal government to take only those actions the Constitution specifically says it can take

implied powers

Powers not specifically mentioned in the constitution

loose construction

belief that the government can do anything that the constitution does not prohibit

implied powers

Powers not specifically mentioned in the constitution

John Marshall

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

Marshall Court

Asserted federal power over states (McCulloch v. Maryland, Gibbons v. Ogden, Cohens v Virginia); judicial branch determined the meaning of Constitution (Marbury v. Madison)

Abolitionist

A person who wanted to end slavery

Nullification Crisis

A sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by the Ordinance of Nullification, an attempt by the state of South Carolina to nullify a federal law - the tariff of 1828 - passed by the United States Congress.

John C. Calhoun

(1830s-40s) Leader of the Fugitive Slave Law, which forced the cooperation of Northern states in returning escaped slaves to the south. He also argued on the floor of the senate that slavery was needed in the south. He argued on the grounds that society is supposed to have an upper ruling class that enjoys the profit of a working lower class.

Marbury v. Madison

Established judicial review

McCulloch v. Maryland

Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law

Gibbons v. Ogden

Regulating interstate commerce is a power reserved to the federal government

Andrew Jackson

(1829-1833) and (1833-1837), Indian removal act, nullification crisis, Old Hickory," first southern/ western president," President for the common man," pet banks, spoils system, specie circular, trail of tears, Henry Clay Flectural Process.

Second Bank of the United States

a national bank overseen by the federal government. Congress had established the bank in 1816, giving it a 20 year charter. The purpose of the bank was to regulate state banks, which had grown rapidly since the First Bank of the US went out of existence in 1811. Went out of existence during Jackson's presidency.

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

Necessary an proper clause

Section of the Constitution allowing Congress to pass all laws "necessary and proper" to its duties, and which has permitted Congress to exercise powers not specifically given to it (enumerated) by the Constitution.

Antebellum Era

Slavery in the south, abolitionism in the north, increasing sectionalism, bleeding Kansas

Lowell System

Dormitories for young women where they were cared for, fed, and sheltered in return for cheap labor, mill towns, homes for workers to live in around the mills

Erie Canal

an artificial waterway connecting the Hudson river at Albany with Lake Erie at Buffalo

Robert Fulton

steamboat

Samuel Morse

telegraph and developed the Morse code (1791-1872)

Trail of Tears

the forced removal of Cherokees and their transportation to Oklahoma

Nativist

person opposed to immigration

Tarriff of Abominations (1828)

(1) An extremely high tariff (45%) that Jacksonian Democrats tried to get Adams to veto. (2) caused a sectional split and began the nullification crisis led by John C. Calhoun of South Carolina. (3) Prelude to the Civil War.

Cult of Domesticity

idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands

War of 1812

A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France.

Impressment

forcing people into service, as in the navy

Federalists

A term used to describe supporters of the Constitution

Democratic-Republicans

Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank

Know-Nothing Party

Political party of the 1850s that was anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant

Lewis and Clark

Two explorers sent by the president to explore the Louisiana Purchase

Aaron Burr

Jefferson's Vice President; killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel

Embargo Act

An 1807 law that imposed a total ban on foreign trade

Hartford Convention

Federalists agreed to oppose the war and send delegates to meet with Congress

Nationalism

pride in one's country

Battle of New Orleans

A battle in 1815 between American and British troops for control of New Orleans, ending in an American victory

Fort McHenry

Baltimore fort which inspired the Star Spangled Banner

Treaty of Ghent

Ended the War of 1812

American System

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.

Era of Good Feelings

time during Monroe's presidency when the country entered a period of national unity.

James Monroe (Democratic-Republican)

5th President

Martin Van Buren

(1837-1841) Advocated lower tariffs and free trade, and by doing so maintained support of the south for the Democratic party. He succeeded in setting up a system of bonds for the national debt.

Panic of 1819

Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of Europena demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings.

Over speculation

buying stocks for more than what their worth

Henry clay

A northern American politician. He developed the American System as well as negotiated numerous compromises.

Monroe Doctrine

an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers

Manifest Destiny

1800s belief that Americans had the right to spread across the continent.

Suffrage

the right to vote

Whigs (Patriots)

Name given to party of patriots of the new land resisting England prior to the Declaration of Independence.

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.

Seneca Falls Convention

the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written

Lucretia Mott

Quaker women's rights advocate who also strongly supported abolition of slavery

Market Revolution

economic changes where people buy and sell goods rather than make them themselves

interchangeable

being able to change places or replace something else

steam engine

an engine that uses the expansion or rapid condensation of steam to generate power.

telegraph

A device that used electrical signals to send messages quickly over long distances

Erie Canal

an artificial waterway connecting the Hudson river at Albany with Lake Erie at Buffalo

McCormick Reaper

Mechanized the harvest of grains, such as wheat, allowing farmers to cultivate larger plots; 1831; fueled the large-scale establishment of commercial agriculture in the Midwest

Indian Removal Act

(1830) a congressional act that authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River

Corrupt Bargain

Refers to the presidential election of 1824 in which Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House, convinced the House of Representatives to elect Adams rather than Jackson.

Spoils System

A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends.

Force Bill

gave the president power to use military force to collect tariffs if the need arose

Jacksonian Democracy

the idea that the common people should control the government

Westward Expansion

A movement westward for jobs, land, hope, the gold rush, adventure, a new beginning and the transcontinental railroad. It lasted from 1850-1890

Irish Immigrants

Came to America to escape famine

German Immigrants

People coming to America to flee political unrest in their home country

Ei Whitney

Cotton Gin

limited liability

A form of business ownership in which the owners are liable only up to the amount of their individual investments.

clipper ships

American boats, built during the 1840's in Boston, that were sleek and fast but inefficient in carrying a lot of cargo or passengers.

Judicial Review

Allows the court to determine the constitutionality of laws

Transcendentalism

any system of philosophy emphasizing the intuitive and spiritual above the empirical and material

Tariff of Abominations

1828 - Also called Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights.

Nat Turner rebellion

Rebellion in which Nat Turner led a group of slaves through virginia in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow and kill planter families

Nativism

A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones