Study guide -earth system 2023

Examples of imprint fossils made by compression are

drawings on rock made by prehistoric humans

Fossilized insects have been found preserved in amber which is hardened

tree sap

Fossilized stomach contents may indicate

a & b (The diet of the animal, and the vegetation type in its habitat)

In petrified wood, the original wood has been slowly replaced by

minerals

Scientists who study fossils are

palaeontologists

The body of an animal is more likely to become fossilized if it:

is buried deeply in the ground

The unaltered remains of fossilized animals include

mummified and frozen mammoths

Which of the following could be a fossil?

all of the above (a woman who lived 15,000 years ago found frozen in a glacier, a penguin that lived 100,000 years ago found mummified in a dry valley in Antarctica, and a wasp inside a 30 million year old block of amber)

Most of the mammal fossil record consists of

teeth

If a wood fragment that is buried in sediment has minerals deposited in its empty spaces, the process of fossilization is called

permineralization

The presence of marine fossils on the top of Mt. Everest indicates

sea level was once higher than the top of Mt. Everest.

How many major rock types are in the rock cycle?

3

Each type of rock has a particular

set of minerals

The texture of a rock is describes what feature of the mineral grains?

all of the above (size, shape, and arrangement)

Two rocks have the same minerals, but of very different sizes. Which statement is true?

One rock has more eroded fragments than the other.

Scientists learn about our planet’s interior from

tracking seismic waves

Because S-waves disappear when they reach the outer core, scientists know that it is

metal.

The lithosphere

can flow.

Which mechanism moves heat from the warmer to cooler places until all are the same temperature?

conduction

During the time of Pangaea,

all of these. (organisms lived side-by-side that are now fossils on distant continents, there was no Atlantic Ocean, and there were one magnetic north pole.)

Across the seafloor, scientists find

magnetic stripes with normal and reversed polarity.

Volcanoes are found at __________ plate boundaries; earthquakes happen at __________ plate boundaries.

divergent and convergent; all three types of

__________ crust subducts under __________ crust because it is __________.

Continental; oceanic; buoyant

What type of plate boundary is found at the San Andreas Fault?

transform

Which forces squeeze rocks together, causing them to fold or fracture?

shear

When rocks deform plastically under compression stresses they

create folds

At which type of plate boundary, do the world’s largest mountains grow?

convergent

The sudden release of energy stored in rocks creates

earthquakes

The main reason there are so many earthquakes around the Pacific ocean basins is

the large number of convergent plate boundaries

How do rock particles move during the passage of a S wave through the rock?

up and down perpendicular to the direction of wave travel

As stresses build in a region, the rocks

deform plastically and then break

Mountain ranges rise where there are

compressive stresses

A useful earthquake prediction will include the quake's

b & c (Timing and Magnitude)

One reason fewer people die in developed nations than developing ones in the same magnitude earthquake is

there is better earthquake prediction in developed nations

The Hawaiian islands are found at a(n)

hot spot

The most geologically active region in the world is the

Ring of Fire

When magma moves beneath a volcano it may cause

all of these (earthquakes, slope deformation, and an eruption)

Which set of words go together?

felsic, high viscosity, silica-rich

**Which set of words go together?**

felsic, composite volcano, lava dome, cinder cones

A volcano that could erupt, but hasn't recently is

dormant

What is the most common type of volcano?

cinder cone

What is created when water is heated beneath the Earth’s surface and erupts to the surface through a narrow passageway?

geyser

In the stratosphere, temperature __________ with altitude because __________.

increases; heat comes from the sun

The ozone layer protects life on Earth from

the Sun's high energy ultraviolet radiation

An inversion

has warm air above cold air

In the thermosphere, the air feels very __________ because ____________.

cold; there are so few gas molecules

Stream water

erodes and deposits

A stream overflows its banks onto its

flood plain

Flooding can wipe out farms and even towns when

the farms and towns are placed on a floodplain.