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Environmental signals
________, such as temperature or illumination changes, are frequently required to break dormancy.
Stamens
________ produce anthers, which contain haploid microspores that mature into pollen grains bearing a male gametophyte.
Plant breeders
________ have genetically altered characteristics of a few hundred wild angiosperm species through artificial selection for over 10, 000 years, converting them into the crops we grow today.
Carpels
________ and stamens are sporophylls- reproduction- specialized modified leaves; sepals and petals are sterile modified leaves.
Pollination
________ is the placement of pollen on the stigma of a carpel, which occurs before fertilization.
GM
Genetically modified (________) plants have the potential to improve the quality and quantity of food available throughout the world, as well as play a growing role in biofuel production.
Hybridization
________ of various plant types and even species is frequent in nature and has been exploited by ancient and modern breeders to introduce new genes into crops.
Flowers
________ are fixed stems that stop growing after the bloom and fruit have developed.
Pollinators
________ are attracted by the petals.
stigma
The ________ is a sticky feature at the apex of the style that catches pollen.
meiosis
By ________, the diploid plant, the sporophyte, generates haploid spores.
seeds
The contained ________ are protected by the fruit, which assists in wind dispersal or the attraction of ________- dispersing animals.
Plants
________ may be cloned from single cells, which can then be genetically modified before being released into the wild.
Crops
________ are modified through breeding and genetic engineering.
petals
Sepals, ________, stamens, and carpels are the four floral organs.
double fertilization
Flowers, ________, and fruits are all essential components of the angiosperm life cycle.
Double fertilization
________ requires two sperm, which is a procedure in which one sperm fertilizes the egg, creating a zygote and, eventually, an embryo, while the other sperm does not.
angiosperm life cycle
The ________ is characterized by flowers, double fertilization, and fruits.
pollination
Following ________, the pollen tube releases two sperm into the female gametophyte.
Mitosis
________ divides these spores, resulting in multicellular gametophytes, the male and female haploid plants that generate gametes (sperm and eggs)
sexual reproduction
Flowers, which are generated by the sporophyte, are used for ________.
Angiosperm reproduction
________ is characterized by a generational switch between a multicellular diploid sporophyte generation and a multicellular haploid gametophyte generation.
Carpels
________ make up the first (innermost) whorl, stamens make up the second, petals make up the third, and sepals make up the fourth (outermost) whorl.
Plants
________ have evolved a variety of mechanisms to avoid self- fertilization, including male and female flowers on separate individuals, nonsynchronous production of male and female parts within a single flower, and self- incompatibility reactions in which pollen grains bearing an allele identical to one in the female are rejected.
Double fertilization
________ requires two sperm, which is a procedure in which one sperm fertilizes the egg, creating a zygote and, eventually, an embryo, while the other sperm does not.
plants
Flowering ________ reproduce sexually, asexually, or both sexually and asexually.
pollination
Following ________, the pollen tube releases two sperm into the female gametophyte.
Pollination
________ is the placement of pollen on the stigma of a carpel, which occurs before fertilization.
Note
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