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Energy

The capacity to do work or produce change; it exists in various forms.

Work

The product of force and distance over which the force is applied, typically represented as W = Fd.

Kinetic Energy (KE)

The energy an object possesses due to its motion, defined as KE = 1/2 mv².

Potential Energy (PE)

Energy stored in an object due to its position or configuration; gravitational potential energy is given by PE = mgh.

Law of Conservation of Energy

Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be transformed from one form to another.

Power

The rate at which work is done or energy is transferred, measured in watts (W).

Joule (J)

The SI unit of work and energy, equivalent to the work done by a force of one newton acting over a distance of one meter.

Scalar Quantity

A quantity that has magnitude but no direction, such as work.

Vector Quantity

A quantity that has both magnitude and direction, such as force and displacement.

Force

An interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object.

Newton (N)

The SI unit of force, defined as the force required to accelerate a 1 kg mass by 1 m/s².

Work-Energy Theorem

The principle stating that the work done on an object is equal to the change in its kinetic energy.

Angle of Application

The angle at which a force is applied relative to the direction of motion, affecting the work done.

Friction Force

The force that opposes the relative motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, or material elements sliding against each other.

Non-Conservative Forces

Forces that do work dependent on the path taken, such as friction.

Conservative Forces

Forces that do work independent of the path taken, such as gravitational force.

Mechanical Energy

The sum of potential and kinetic energies in a system.

Area Under the Curve

In physics, this term refers to the work done by a variable force, represented by the area under a force versus displacement graph.

Coefficient of Friction (μ)

A dimensionless scalar value that represents the frictional force between two bodies in contact.

Work Done by a Variable Force

Calculated by finding the area under the force versus displacement graph when the force is not constant.