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Biology
scientific study of life
Hypothesis
proposed explanation for an observation that is testable and falsifiable
Explain why it is important to communicate scientific ideas and findings
so that scientists can ensure that decisions are made based on accurate and reliable information
Explain the difference between a scientific hypothesis and a theory
a hypothesis is made before any research is done and a theory is supported by evidence
What is a controlled experiment? Describe any example of a controlled experiment
Testing a hypothesis by running tests multiple times with one factor changing all other factors are constant. Testing drug effects by giving one group the drug and the other a placebo
You perform an experiment to determine the optimal amount of Crisco to make the chewiest chocolate chip cookies. In this experiment, determine the independent and the dependent variable.
Independent- amount of Crisco
Dependent- how chewy the cookies are
Who wrote the book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection?
Charles Darwin
Define matter
anything that has mass and occupies space
Name two examples of a chemical element
carbon and hydrogen
Name two examples of a chemical compound
water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2)
Which 4 elements make up 96% of the human body?
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen
Which condition is caused by a severe Iodine deficiency?
Goiter
Atoms are composed of 3 subatomic particles. Name these particles.
protons, neutrons, electrons
Name one place where a nuclear disaster occurred in the last 40 years
Chernobyl
Explain the difference between an Ionic bond and a Covalent bond
Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electrons between 2 or more atoms and ionic bonds form when 2 or more ions come together because of a charge difference
Define cohesion
tendency of molecules of the same kind to stick together
A teaspoon of sugar is dissolved in water. What is the solvent, solute, and solution
solvent: water
solute: sugar
solution: sugar water
With human blood and pH in mind, explain what is the main function of a buffer
Substance that minimize changes in pH by accepting H+ when that ion is in excess and donating H+ when it is depleted
What is the main cause of ocean acidification, and therefore also coral bleaching?
too much carbon dioxide gas
Which enzyme is responsible for digesting lactose?
lactase
Name the 4 macromolecules found in living organisms
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
What are the building blocks (monomers) for carbohydrates?
monosaccharides
Name 3 examples of a polysaccharide
starch, glucose, cellulose
Explain what glycemic index is, and what a very high and a very low GI value indicates
It is a value used to measure how much specific foods increase blood glucose levels. A very high GI value indicates a sudden surge in blood glucose levels whereas a low GI value indicates low to moderate fluctuations in blood glucose
Which type of fat is usually associated for animal sources, and also a solid at room temperature?
Saturated fats
Olive oil is an example of this kind of fat…
Unsaturated fats
What are the building blocks (monomers) of proteins?
Amino acids
Name the 4 nitrogenous bases found in DNA
adenine(A), guanine(G), thymine(T), and cytosin(C)
Name the differences between DNA and RNA
DNA has sugar deoxyribose, base of thymine, double helix, and double stranded
RNA has sugar ribose, base of uracil, single helix, and single stranded
What is the Cell Theory?
states that all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from earlier cells
Name the two main kinds of cells found on earth
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Name features shared by the two types of cells (prokaryotic and eukaryotic)
plasma membrane, cytosol in cells, have one or more chromosomes carrying genes made of DNA, have ribosomes that build proteins based on instructions from genes
Name one difference between the two types of cells (prokaryotic and eukaryotic)
Prokaryotes do not have organelles
What is penicillin and when was it discovered?
an antibiotic and in 1928
Explain why it is useless to take antibiotics when you have the flu
antibiotics will kill bacteria not viruses
Where in the cell is most of your DNA stored?
the nucleus
How many chromosomes do humans have in their regular cells?
46
Which cell organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?
Ribosomes
Which cell organelle is responsible for quality control inside the cell?
Golgi Apparatus
Which cell organelle contains a sac of digestive enzymes?
lysosomes
Which cell organelle is responsible for photosynthesis?
chloroplasts
Name one example of a cell that has a flagellum. What is the function of the flagellum?
sperm and to aid movement
Define diffusion
movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration
Name 2 substances that use simple diffusion to move across a membrane
oxygen and carbon dioxide
What happens to a red blood cell in a hypertonic solution?
it shrinks, and water moves out of the cell
True/False Both plant and animal cells prefer an isotonic solution
False plants prefer hypotonic and animal prefer isotonic
The movement of large molecules out of the cell is known as
exocytosis
The movement of large molecules into the cell is known as
endocytosis
When a cell engulfs/destroys a harmful particle it is known as
phagocytosis
diffusion of oxygen across the cell membrane
passive transport
facilitated diffusion of water across cell membrane
Passive transport
sodium-potassium pump
active transport
movement of calcium ions from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration
active transport
exocytosis
active transport
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