Bio Exam 1

Biology

scientific study of life

Hypothesis

proposed explanation for an observation that is testable and falsifiable

Explain why it is important to communicate scientific ideas and findings

so that scientists can ensure that decisions are made based on accurate and reliable information

Explain the difference between a scientific hypothesis and a theory

a hypothesis is made before any research is done and a theory is supported by evidence

What is a controlled experiment? Describe any example of a controlled experiment

Testing a hypothesis by running tests multiple times with one factor changing all other factors are constant. Testing drug effects by giving one group the drug and the other a placebo

You perform an experiment to determine the optimal amount of Crisco to make the chewiest chocolate chip cookies. In this experiment, determine the independent and the dependent variable.

Independent- amount of Crisco

Dependent- how chewy the cookies are

Who wrote the book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection?

Charles Darwin

Define matter

anything that has mass and occupies space

Name two examples of a chemical element

carbon and hydrogen

Name two examples of a chemical compound

water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2)

Which 4 elements make up 96% of the human body?

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

Which condition is caused by a severe Iodine deficiency?

Goiter

Atoms are composed of 3 subatomic particles. Name these particles.

protons, neutrons, electrons

Name one place where a nuclear disaster occurred in the last 40 years

Chernobyl

Explain the difference between an Ionic bond and a Covalent bond

Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electrons between 2 or more atoms and ionic bonds form when 2 or more ions come together because of a charge difference

Define cohesion

tendency of molecules of the same kind to stick together

A teaspoon of sugar is dissolved in water. What is the solvent, solute, and solution

solvent: water

solute: sugar

solution: sugar water

With human blood and pH in mind, explain what is the main function of a buffer

Substance that minimize changes in pH by accepting H+ when that ion is in excess and donating H+ when it is depleted

What is the main cause of ocean acidification, and therefore also coral bleaching?

too much carbon dioxide gas

Which enzyme is responsible for digesting lactose?

lactase

Name the 4 macromolecules found in living organisms

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

What are the building blocks (monomers) for carbohydrates?

monosaccharides

Name 3 examples of a polysaccharide

starch, glucose, cellulose

Explain what glycemic index is, and what a very high and a very low GI value indicates

It is a value used to measure how much specific foods increase blood glucose levels. A very high GI value indicates a sudden surge in blood glucose levels whereas a low GI value indicates low to moderate fluctuations in blood glucose

Which type of fat is usually associated for animal sources, and also a solid at room temperature?

Saturated fats

Olive oil is an example of this kind of fat…

Unsaturated fats

What are the building blocks (monomers) of proteins?

Amino acids

Name the 4 nitrogenous bases found in DNA

adenine(A), guanine(G), thymine(T), and cytosin(C)

Name the differences between DNA and RNA

DNA has sugar deoxyribose, base of thymine, double helix, and double stranded

RNA has sugar ribose, base of uracil, single helix, and single stranded

What is the Cell Theory?

states that all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from earlier cells

Name the two main kinds of cells found on earth

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

Name features shared by the two types of cells (prokaryotic and eukaryotic)

plasma membrane, cytosol in cells, have one or more chromosomes carrying genes made of DNA, have ribosomes that build proteins based on instructions from genes

Name one difference between the two types of cells (prokaryotic and eukaryotic)

Prokaryotes do not have organelles

What is penicillin and when was it discovered?

an antibiotic and in 1928

Explain why it is useless to take antibiotics when you have the flu

antibiotics will kill bacteria not viruses

Where in the cell is most of your DNA stored?

the nucleus

How many chromosomes do humans have in their regular cells?

46

Which cell organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?

Ribosomes

Which cell organelle is responsible for quality control inside the cell?

Golgi Apparatus

Which cell organelle contains a sac of digestive enzymes?

lysosomes

Which cell organelle is responsible for photosynthesis?

chloroplasts

Name one example of a cell that has a flagellum. What is the function of the flagellum?

sperm and to aid movement

Define diffusion

movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration

Name 2 substances that use simple diffusion to move across a membrane

oxygen and carbon dioxide

What happens to a red blood cell in a hypertonic solution?

it shrinks, and water moves out of the cell

True/False Both plant and animal cells prefer an isotonic solution

False plants prefer hypotonic and animal prefer isotonic

The movement of large molecules out of the cell is known as

exocytosis

The movement of large molecules into the cell is known as

endocytosis

When a cell engulfs/destroys a harmful particle it is known as

phagocytosis

diffusion of oxygen across the cell membrane

passive transport

facilitated diffusion of water across cell membrane

Passive transport

sodium-potassium pump

active transport

movement of calcium ions from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration

active transport

exocytosis

active transport