Ions

Zwitterions

________ are neutral and have both positive and negative charges at different locations throughout the molecule.

Ionization

________ generally involves a transfer of electrons between atoms or molecules.

Sodium

________ has a +1 charge because ________ has eleven electrons.

Monoatomic ions

________ are sometimes also represented by Roman numerals, which designate the formal oxidation state of the element, whereas the superscripted numerals denote the net charge.

Anions

________ have more electrons than protons and so have a net negative charge.

Polyatomic

________ and molecular ions can also be formed, generally by gaining or losing elemental ions, such as H+, in neutral molecules.

net negative charge

An ion is denoted by writing its ________ in superscript immediately after the chemical structure for the atom /molecule.

Polyatomic ions

________ are generally very unstable and reactive.

positive electric charge of a proton

The ________ is equal in magnitude to the negative charge of an electron; therefore, the net electric charge of an ion is equal to its number of protons minus its number of electrons.

electron cloud of an atom

The ________ determines the size of the atom; added electrons (anions) increase the electron repulsion, increasing the ions size, while cations (with less electrons) are smaller than the atom because there are fewer electrons in the cloud to repel each other.

Anions

________ are generally larger than the parent molecule or atom, because the excess electrons repel each other and add to the physical size of the electron cloud.

Ions

________ are formed when the number of protons in an atom does not equal the number of electrons.

Ions

________ in the liquid or solid state are produced when salts interact with their solvents.

Ions

________ can be formed by ________, which is the process of a neutral atom losing or gaining electrons.