Chapter 11 - Transcriptional Control of Gene Expression

HMGI

________ binds to the minor groove of DNA regardless of the sequence and, as a result, bends the DNA molecule sharply.

Genetic studies

________ led to the identification of several proteins, RAP1, and three SIR proteins, that are required for repression of the silent mating- type loci and the telomeres in yeast.

GCN4

________ forms dimers via hydrophobic interactions between the C- terminal regions of the ox helices, forming a coiled- coil structure.

structural element

A(n) ________, which is present in many bacterial repressors, is called a helix- turn- helix motif.

Synthesis of mRNA

________** requires that an RNA polymerase initiate transcription, polymerize ribonucleoside triphosphates complementary to the DNA coding strand, and then terminate transcription.

Recombinant DNA techniques

________ have been used to systematically mutate the nucleotide sequences upstream of the start sites of various eukaryotic genes in order to identify transcription- control regions.

Drosophila

In yeast, ________, and other genetically tractable eukaryotes, numerous genes encoding transcriptional activators and repressors have been identified by classical genetic analyses.

vitro transcription

The first genes to be sequenced and studied in in ________ systems were viral genes and cellular protein- coding genes that are very actively transcribed either at particular times of the cell cycle or in specific differentiated cell types.

TAF subunits of TFIID

The ________ appear to play a role in initiating transcription from promoters that lack a TATA box.

thousands of base pairs

Transcription from many eukaryotic promoters can be stimulated by control elements located ________ away from the start site.

large multiprotein

Genetic and biochemical studies in yeast led to the discovery of a(n) ________ complex containing the protein GCN5, which has histone acetylase activity.

leucine zipper

The first ________ transcription factors to be analyzed contained leucine residues at every seventh position in the dimerization region.

electrophoretic mobility

Generally, the ________ of a DNA fragment is reduced when it is complexed to protein, causing a shift in the location of the fragment band.

TFIIB

________ is a monomeric protein, slightly smaller than TBP.

biochemical isolation

In the ________ of a transcription factor, an extract of cell nuclei commonly is subjected sequentially to several types of column chromatography.

Cooperative binding

________ by NFAT and AP1 occurs only when their weak binding sites are located at a precise distance, quite close to each other in DNA.

particular promoter

Transcription from a(n) ________ is controlled by DNA- binding proteins, termed transcription factors, that are equivalent to bacterial repressors and activators.

co activator

The interaction with a(n) ________ causes the activation domain to assume a more structured- helical conformation in the activation domain- ________ complex.

C2H2 zinc finger

The ________ is the most common DNA- binding motif encoded in the human genome and the genomes of most other multicellular animals.

Repressor binding sites

________ in DNA have been identified by systematic linker scanning mutation.

carboxyl end

The ________ of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB1) contains a stretch of seven amino acids that is nearly precisely repeated multiple times.

Histone tails

________ in chromatin can undergo reversible phosphorylation of serine and threonine residues.

DNA sequence

In eukaryotes, as in bacteria, a(n) ________ that specifies where RNA polymerase binds and initiates transcription of a gene is called a** promoter**

heterodimeric transcription factors

In some ________, each monomer has a different DNA- binding specificity.

polymerase

Once the ________ initiates transcription and begins to move away from the promoter, many of the serine and some tyrosine residues in the CTD are phosphorylated.

transcription factors

The term enhanceosome has been coined to describe such large nucleoprotein complexes that assemble from ________ as they bind cooperatively to their multiple binding sites in an enhancer.