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DNA
Deoxyriboneucleic acid found mainly in the nucleus
replication
double the chromosomes
nucleotides
neuclic acid base pairs
RNA
receives instructions from DNA
Transcription
process of forming a neucleic acid using a template
Translation
uses the codons in mRNA to make a specific amino acid
proteins
monomers of amino acid chains
mitosis, meiosis
body cell reproduction and sex cell reproduction
sexual reproduction
2 parents male and female
asexual reproduction
1 parent
genes
segment of dna that codes for a specific trait
Chromosomes
made up of DNA and proteins
Endocrine system
composed of glands that secrete different types of hormone that affect almost every cell, organ and function of your body. It is essential in regulating growth and development, metabolism, as well as reproductive processes and mood.
Pituitary
at the base of the brain; stimulates growth and controls functions of other glands
thyroid
below the voice box; regulates body metabolism and causes storage of calcium in bones
parathyroid
in the neck; controls the calcium levels in your body, and normals the bone growth
thymus
in front of the heart; enables the body to produce certain antibodies
adrenal
on top of the kidneys; prepares the body for action, controls the heart rate and breathing in times of emergency.
pancreas
between the kidneys; regulates the blood sugar levels
testes
lower abdomen; androgen and testosterone; control maturation and male characteristics
ovaries
lower abdomen; estrogen and progesterone; influence female traits and support reproductive function.
homeostasis
state reaches when each part of the body functions in equilibrium with other parts.
semen
the ejaculated fluid containing sperm cells and secretions from the seminal vesicle, prostate gland and bulbourethral gland.
sperm
shorter term for spermatozoon; male gamete
egg cell
also called ovum; female gamete
embryo
an organism in its early stages of development, especially before it has reaches a distinctively recognizable form.
fertilization
a process that occurs when the sperm and egg combine to produce an embryo
radiometric dating
a method used to determine the age of rocks using the decay of radioactive isotopes present in rocks.
carbon dating
used to tell the age of organic materials.
homologous structure
perform different functions in the species living in the different environment, or it may gave the same origin but different functions
analogous structure
have similar functions but different origin
divergent evolution
splitting of an ancestral population into two or more subpopulations that are geographically isolated from one another.
convergent evolution
analogous structure of unrelated organisms from different ancestors develop similar function such as butterfly wings and bird wings.
convergence
is an increase similarities among species derived from different ancestors as a result of similar adaptation to similar environment.
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
first evolutionist to believe that organisms change over time. Who developed three theories: the theory of need, the theory of use and disuse, the theory of acquired characteristics.
Theory of Need
states that organisms change in response to their environment
Theory of Use and Disuse
organs not in use will disappear while organs in use will develop.
Variation
differences in traits of organisms in a population
Theory of Evolution
states that evolutionary change comes through the production of variation in each generation and differential survival of individuals with different combinations of these variable characters.
amino acids
the building blocks of protein
anticodon
the complement of mRNA; triplet code on the tRNA
chromosomal mutations
changes in the chromosomes where parts of the chromosomes are broken and lost during mitosis
codon
each set of three nitrogenous bases in mRNA representing an amino acid or start/stop signal
genetic code
set of rules that specify to the codons in DNA or RNA that corresponds to the amino acids in proteins
nitrogenous base
is a carbon ring structure that contains one or more atoms of nitrogen. In DNA, Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine.
mutation
any change in the DNA sequence
mRNA
messenger RNA, brings information from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm
rRNA
ribosomal rna, hold tightly to the mRNA and use its information to assemble amino acids
tRNA
transfer RNA, a type of RNA that attach the correct amino acid to the protein chain that is being synthesized in the ribosomes.
Recombinant DNA
A form of DNA produced by combining two genetic material from two or more different sources by means of genetic engineering
Transcription
process of copying DNA sequence into RNA
Translation
process of converting information in mRNA into a sequence of amino acids in a protein
accessory pigments
energy absorbing plant pigments other than chlorophyll
metabolism
all chemical processes that synthesize or break down materials within an organism.
systolic
Blood pressure in the arteries during contraction of the ventricles.
Contraction of the heart
diastolic
occurs when the ventricles are relaxed; the lowest pressure against the walls of an artery
blood pressure
Reflects the force the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries during contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of the heart.
function of the blood
Transportation materials to and from cells
Transports nutrients, carries O2, waste products, hormones to their target cells, regulates body temperature, protects against bacteria and viruses
blood components
Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
55% Plasma, 45%-Formed Elements
plasma
Liquid portion of blood
RBC
red blood cell
Erythrocytes
4.5-5 million
red blood cells
Carry oxygen
Blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells.
hemoglobin function
*transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
*carry oxygen and also CO2 back to the lungs
*transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs
Red blood cells regulated
Oxygen deficiency stimulates Erythropoietin (EPO) production by kidneys
White blood count
*Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils
*tests to see what percentage of total white blood cell count is composed of each of the five types of leukocytes
neutrophils
Most abundant white blood cell., The most abundant type of white blood cell. Phagocytic and tend to self-destruct as they destroy foreign invaders, limiting their life span to a few days.- WBC
lymphocytes
The two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system: B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.
monocytes
*A type of white blood cell that transforms into macrophages, extends pseudopods, and engulfs huge numbers of microbes over a long period of time
*An agranular leukocyte that is able to migrate into tissues and transform into a macrophage.
eosinophils
*What IgE-mediated cell secretes major basic protein and has elevated levels in the blood during asthma and parasitic infections?
*What type of WBC is present in increased numbers during an allergic reaction?
basophils
*When performing a WBC differential, which cell has the large, scattered dark blue granules that are darker than the nucleus?
*A circulating leukocyte that produces histamine.
White Blood Count
What is a marker for an infectious disease?
Status of immune system and ability to fight off infection
Platelet function
They play a key role in retention of blood loss by forming a * plug at the site of tears when connective tissue is exposed. Serotonin is released and smooth muscles contract in the vessel walls.
*Blood clotting
Cause capillary homeostasis by adhering to the inner surface of a vessel and sticking to each other to create a temp. mechanical plu
Platelet function in hemostasis
Cause capillary homeostasis by adhering to the inner surface of a vessel and sticking to each other to create a temp. mechanical plug
blood cells made
blood cells and bone marrow
blood type
*a classification of blood that depends on the type of antigen present on the surface of the red blood cell; A, B, AB, or O
*A, B, AB and O. Type O is the universal donor and AB blood is known as the universal recipient.
antigens
*Foreign material that invades the body
*Anything that is foreign to the body and that causes an immune response
*What mobilizes the adaptive defenses and provokes an immune response?
antibodies
An antigen-binding immunoglobulin, produced by B cells, that functions as the effector in an immune response.
Specialized proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents
antigens in blood
Def A,B in blood
macromolecules are foriegn to host organism and trigger an immune response
antibodies in blood
Passive immunity=
When are HIV antibodies detectable in blood?
Note
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