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Skeletons
________ can be hydrostatic and supported by fluid pressure, as in worms; hardened into exoskeletons, as in insects; or endoskeletons, as invertebrates.
Sensory information
________ can be processed before, during, and after- action potential transmission to the CNS.
Sarcomeres
________ are repeating units made up of these filaments.
Mechanoreceptors
________ detect flowing fluid or settling particles in hearing and balance.
cones
Both rods and ________ have a pigment called retinal that is linked to a protein (opsin)
CNS
The resultant receptor potential regulates action potential transmission to the ________, where sensory input is processed to create perceptions.
Acetylcholine
________ is released by motor neurons, which causes action potentials in muscle fibers, which promote the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Myofibrils
________ are made of thin filaments of (mainly) actin and thick filaments of myosin in the muscle cells (fibers) of vertebrate skeletal muscle.
single lens
A(n) ________ in the vertebrate eye focuses light on photoreceptors in the retina.
Synapses
________ carry information from photoreceptors to cells that integrate information and send it to the brain through the optic nerve's axons.
Light absorption
________ by the retina initiates a signal transduction pathway that hyperpolarizes the photoreceptors, leading them to release fewer neurotransmitters.
Nervous system input
________ regulates the pace at which the heart contracts, but it is not necessarily necessary.
Ca2+
When ________ binds to the troponin complex, tropomyosin shifts, exposing the myosin- binding sites on actin and triggering cross- bridge formation.
motor unit
A(n) ________ is made up of a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it regulates.
Sensory cells
________ in taste buds in humans express a receptor type that is unique to one of the five flavor perceptions: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami (elicited by glutamate)
basilar membrane
The fluid's pressure waves shake the ________, depolarizing hair cells and generating action potentials that go to the brain through the auditory nerve.
shift
The ________ in ion flow across the membrane that results affects the membrane potential.
sensory integration
In many situations, ________ occurs as soon as the information is received.
Cardiac muscle
________ is present in the heart and is made up of striated cells that are electrically linked by intercalated disks.
Sensory receptor action potentials
________ pass along neurons that are dedicated to a certain stimulus; these dedicated neurons make synapses with specific neurons in the brain or spinal cord.
sensory receptors
Some ________ respond to internal cues such as blood pressure and body posture.
Taste
________ and smell both rely on comparable sets of sensory receptors.
characteristics of an action potential
The ________ caused by light striking the eye are the same as those of an action potential triggered by air vibrating in the ear.
Slow twitch
________ or fast- twitch skeletal muscle fibers can be oxidative or glycolytic.
Muscle function
________ is dependent on the physical interaction of protein filaments.
Sensory receptors
________ convert stimulus energy and send it to the central nervous system.
