Unit 1 - Chemistry of Life

Biological macromolecules

Biological macromolecules

________ are polymers formed by linking monomers together through dehydration reactions.

water molecule

Breaking the bond between subunits involves hydrolysis, which reverses the loss of a(n) ________ by dehydration.

pH scale

The ________- used to indicate how acidic or basic a solution is.

Anion

________- ion with negative charge; composed of more electrons than protons.

Thymine

________ and cytosine- a type of nitrogenous base called a** pyrimidine,** contain a single- ring structure.

structural components

Functions in the body- serve as ________; transport aids, enzymes, and cell signals.

glucose molecules

Starch-** made solely of ________ linked together, is the storage form of choice for plants.

Compounds

________- molecules that are composed of more than one element.

symbol R

The ________ stands for "rest of the compound: to which this NH2 group is attached.

Surface tension

________ allows water to be resistant to external forces, due to the cohesive nature of water molecules to one another instead of the surrounding molecules in the air.

Glycogen

________ is formed by linking many glucose molecules together.

Elements

________ can be combined to form molecules.

Electrons

________ shared between the hydrogen and oxygen molecules are closer to the oxygen molecule due to its electronegativity.

C5H10O5

Monosaccharides with five carbons (________) are used in compounds such as genetic molecules (RNA) and high- energy molecules (ATP)

Animes

________- Compounds containing amino groups; act as bases, and can pick up protons from acids.

important part

Chitin**- a(n) ________ of the exoskeletons of arthropods such as insects, spiders and shellfish.

DNA

While ________ exists as a double strand, RNA is a single- stranded entity.

Macromolecules

________- assembled via** dehydration synthesis** (A reaction that forms a covalent bond between two monomer units while releasing a water molecule in the process)

Adenine

________ and guanine- a type of nitrogenous base called a** purine,** contain a double ring structure.

James D Watson

Scientists ________ and Francis H.C. Crick- given credit for realizing that DNA was arranged in what they termed a** double helix** composed of two strands of nucleotides held together by hydrogen bonds.

Animals

________ store much of their carbohydrate energy in the form of glycogen, often found in liver and muscle cells.

Fats

________**- lipids made by combining glycerol and three fatty acids- used as long term energy stores in cells.

simple sugar

Monosaccharide**- ________, the purest form of a carbohydrate.

Matter

________- anything that has mass and takes up space.

Hydrophobic

________ and insoluble in water as they contain a hydrocarbon tail of CH2S that is nonpolar and repellant to water.

Chemical reactions

________ in humans function at or near a neutral pH; exceptions- the ________ involving some of the enzymes of the digestive system.

Inorganic compound

________ consisting of one oxygen molecule covalently bonded to two hydrogen bonds.

Hydrogen

________ bonding- the attraction between a positively charged ________ atom and any other electronegative atom (eg: oxygen)

positive charge

Cation- ion with ________; composed of more protons than electrons.

Phospholipids

________-** amphipathic** structures- they have both a hydrophobic tail (a hydrocarbon chain) and a hydrophilic head (the phosphate group)

C

If the ________= O is at the end of a chain, it is an** aldehyde**

covalent bonds

Hydrolysis** the process by which the ________ between monomer units are broken by the addition of water.

carbonyl group

A(n) ________ makes a compound hydrophilic (water- loving, reacting well with water) and polar (a molecule that has an unequal distribution of charge, which creates a positive and negative side to the molecule)

Non Polar

________ molecules- neutral charge due to equal sharing of electrons.

smallest form

Atom- the ________ of an element that still displays particular properties.

quaternary structure

Not all proteins have a(n) ________; many consist of a single polypeptide chain.

Globular

________ proteins- proteins with only primary, secondary, and tertiary structures.

strand of DNA

Each ________ consists of a sugar- phosphate (sugar- deoxyribose) backbone that keeps the nucleotides connected with the strand.

Secondary structure

________- three- dimensional arrangement of a protein caused by hydrogen bonding at regular intervals along the polypeptide backbone.

Tertiary structure

________- three- dimensional arrangement of a protein caused by interaction among the various R groups of the amino acids involved.

R

________ stands for rest of the compound, which provides an amino acids unique personal characteristics; Acidic amino acids have acidic ________ groups, basic amino acids have basic R groups, and so forth.

Carboxyl group

________: A carbonyl group that has a hydroxide in one of the R spots and a carbon chain in the other.

adhesion of water

The ________ to plant cell walls by hydrogen bonds help counter the pull of gravity in plants.

Adenine

________ always pairs with thymine (A= T) held together by two hydrogen bonds; guanine always pairs with cytosine (C≡G) held together by three hydrogen bonds.

Macromolecules

________- made of single units called monomers that are joined together by covalent bonds to form large polymers, such as carbohydrates, nucleic acids and proteins.

water molecule

A(n) ________ is attracted to other substances due to hydrogen bonds.

Compounds

________ containing carboxyl groups are known as* carboxylic acids*

Phospholipid

________- lipid formed by combining a glycerol molecule with two fatty acids and a phosphate group.

Surface tension

________- the surface of water is difficult to break or stretch.

Quaternary structure

________- the arrangement of separate polypeptide subunits into a single protein.