________ are polymers formed by linking monomers together through dehydration reactions.
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water molecule
Breaking the bond between subunits involves hydrolysis, which reverses the loss of a(n) ________ by dehydration.
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pH scale
The ________- used to indicate how acidic or basic a solution is.
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Anion
________- ion with negative charge; composed of more electrons than protons.
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Thymine
________ and cytosine- a type of nitrogenous base called a** pyrimidine,** contain a single- ring structure.
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structural components
Functions in the body- serve as ________; transport aids, enzymes, and cell signals.
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glucose molecules
Starch-** made solely of ________ linked together, is the storage form of choice for plants.
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Compounds
________- molecules that are composed of more than one element.
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symbol R
The ________ stands for "rest of the compound: to which this NH2 group is attached.
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Surface tension
________ allows water to be resistant to external forces, due to the cohesive nature of water molecules to one another instead of the surrounding molecules in the air.
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Glycogen
________ is formed by linking many glucose molecules together.
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Elements
________ can be combined to form molecules.
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Electrons
________ shared between the hydrogen and oxygen molecules are closer to the oxygen molecule due to its electronegativity.
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C5H10O5
Monosaccharides with five carbons (________) are used in compounds such as genetic molecules (RNA) and high- energy molecules (ATP)
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Animes
________- Compounds containing amino groups; act as bases, and can pick up protons from acids.
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important part
Chitin**- a(n) ________ of the exoskeletons of arthropods such as insects, spiders and shellfish.
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DNA
While ________ exists as a double strand, RNA is a single- stranded entity.
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Macromolecules
________- assembled via** dehydration synthesis** (A reaction that forms a covalent bond between two monomer units while releasing a water molecule in the process)
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Adenine
________ and guanine- a type of nitrogenous base called a** purine,** contain a double ring structure.
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James D Watson
Scientists ________ and Francis H.C. Crick- given credit for realizing that DNA was arranged in what they termed a** double helix** composed of two strands of nucleotides held together by hydrogen bonds.
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Animals
________ store much of their carbohydrate energy in the form of glycogen, often found in liver and muscle cells.
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Fats
________**- lipids made by combining glycerol and three fatty acids- used as long term energy stores in cells.
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simple sugar
Monosaccharide**- ________, the purest form of a carbohydrate.
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Matter
________- anything that has mass and takes up space.
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Hydrophobic
________ and insoluble in water as they contain a hydrocarbon tail of CH2S that is nonpolar and repellant to water.
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Chemical reactions
________ in humans function at or near a neutral pH; exceptions- the ________ involving some of the enzymes of the digestive system.
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Inorganic compound
________ consisting of one oxygen molecule covalently bonded to two hydrogen bonds.
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Hydrogen
________ bonding- the attraction between a positively charged ________ atom and any other electronegative atom (eg: oxygen)
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positive charge
Cation- ion with ________; composed of more protons than electrons.
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Phospholipids
________-** amphipathic** structures- they have both a hydrophobic tail (a hydrocarbon chain) and a hydrophilic head (the phosphate group)
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C
If the ________= O is at the end of a chain, it is an** aldehyde**
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covalent bonds
Hydrolysis** the process by which the ________ between monomer units are broken by the addition of water.
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carbonyl group
A(n) ________ makes a compound hydrophilic (water- loving, reacting well with water) and polar (a molecule that has an unequal distribution of charge, which creates a positive and negative side to the molecule)
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Non Polar
________ molecules- neutral charge due to equal sharing of electrons.
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smallest form
Atom- the ________ of an element that still displays particular properties.
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quaternary structure
Not all proteins have a(n) ________; many consist of a single polypeptide chain.
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Globular
________ proteins- proteins with only primary, secondary, and tertiary structures.
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strand of DNA
Each ________ consists of a sugar- phosphate (sugar- deoxyribose) backbone that keeps the nucleotides connected with the strand.
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Secondary structure
________- three- dimensional arrangement of a protein caused by hydrogen bonding at regular intervals along the polypeptide backbone.
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Tertiary structure
________- three- dimensional arrangement of a protein caused by interaction among the various R groups of the amino acids involved.
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R
________ stands for rest of the compound, which provides an amino acids unique personal characteristics; Acidic amino acids have acidic ________ groups, basic amino acids have basic R groups, and so forth.
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Carboxyl group
________: A carbonyl group that has a hydroxide in one of the R spots and a carbon chain in the other.
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adhesion of water
The ________ to plant cell walls by hydrogen bonds help counter the pull of gravity in plants.
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Adenine
________ always pairs with thymine (A= T) held together by two hydrogen bonds; guanine always pairs with cytosine (C≡G) held together by three hydrogen bonds.
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Macromolecules
________- made of single units called monomers that are joined together by covalent bonds to form large polymers, such as carbohydrates, nucleic acids and proteins.
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water molecule
A(n) ________ is attracted to other substances due to hydrogen bonds.
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Compounds
________ containing carboxyl groups are known as* carboxylic acids*
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Phospholipid
________- lipid formed by combining a glycerol molecule with two fatty acids and a phosphate group.
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Surface tension
________- the surface of water is difficult to break or stretch.
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Quaternary structure
________- the arrangement of separate polypeptide subunits into a single protein.