Set

DNA

Deoxyriboneucleic acid found mainly in the nucleus

replication

double the chromosomes

nucleotides

neuclic acid base pairs

RNA

receives instructions from DNA

Transcription

process of forming a neucleic acid using a template

Translation

uses the codons in mRNA to make a specific amino acid

proteins

monomers of amino acid chains

mitosis, meiosis

body cell reproduction and sex cell reproduction

sexual reproduction

2 parents male and female

asexual reproduction

1 parent

genes

segment of dna that codes for a specific trait

Chromosomes

made up of DNA and proteins

Endocrine system

composed of glands that secrete different types of hormone that affect almost every cell, organ and function of your body. It is essential in regulating growth and development, metabolism, as well as reproductive processes and mood.

Pituitary

at the base of the brain; stimulates growth and controls functions of other glands

thyroid

below the voice box; regulates body metabolism and causes storage of calcium in bones

parathyroid

in the neck; controls the calcium levels in your body, and normals the bone growth

thymus

in front of the heart; enables the body to produce certain antibodies

adrenal

on top of the kidneys; prepares the body for action, controls the heart rate and breathing in times of emergency.

pancreas

between the kidneys; regulates the blood sugar levels

testes

lower abdomen; androgen and testosterone; control maturation and male characteristics

ovaries

lower abdomen; estrogen and progesterone; influence female traits and support reproductive function.

homeostasis

state reaches when each part of the body functions in equilibrium with other parts.

semen

the ejaculated fluid containing sperm cells and secretions from the seminal vesicle, prostate gland and bulbourethral gland.

sperm

shorter term for spermatozoon; male gamete

egg cell

also called ovum; female gamete

embryo

an organism in its early stages of development, especially before it has reaches a distinctively recognizable form.

fertilization

a process that occurs when the sperm and egg combine to produce an embryo

radiometric dating

a method used to determine the age of rocks using the decay of radioactive isotopes present in rocks.

carbon dating

used to tell the age of organic materials.

homologous structure

perform different functions in the species living in the different environment, or it may gave the same origin but different functions

analogous structure

have similar functions but different origin

divergent evolution

splitting of an ancestral population into two or more subpopulations that are geographically isolated from one another.

convergent evolution

analogous structure of unrelated organisms from different ancestors develop similar function such as butterfly wings and bird wings.

convergence

is an increase similarities among species derived from different ancestors as a result of similar adaptation to similar environment.

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

first evolutionist to believe that organisms change over time. Who developed three theories: the theory of need, the theory of use and disuse, the theory of acquired characteristics.

Theory of Need

states that organisms change in response to their environment

Theory of Use and Disuse

organs not in use will disappear while organs in use will develop.

Variation

differences in traits of organisms in a population

Theory of Evolution

states that evolutionary change comes through the production of variation in each generation and differential survival of individuals with different combinations of these variable characters.

amino acids

the building blocks of protein

anticodon

the complement of mRNA; triplet code on the tRNA

chromosomal mutations

changes in the chromosomes where parts of the chromosomes are broken and lost during mitosis

codon

each set of three nitrogenous bases in mRNA representing an amino acid or start/stop signal

genetic code

set of rules that specify to the codons in DNA or RNA that corresponds to the amino acids in proteins

nitrogenous base

is a carbon ring structure that contains one or more atoms of nitrogen. In DNA, Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine.

mutation

any change in the DNA sequence

mRNA

messenger RNA, brings information from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm

rRNA

ribosomal rna, hold tightly to the mRNA and use its information to assemble amino acids

tRNA

transfer RNA, a type of RNA that attach the correct amino acid to the protein chain that is being synthesized in the ribosomes.

Recombinant DNA

A form of DNA produced by combining two genetic material from two or more different sources by means of genetic engineering

Transcription

process of copying DNA sequence into RNA

Translation

process of converting information in mRNA into a sequence of amino acids in a protein

accessory pigments

energy absorbing plant pigments other than chlorophyll

metabolism

all chemical processes that synthesize or break down materials within an organism.

systolic

Blood pressure in the arteries during contraction of the ventricles.Contraction of the heart

diastolic

occurs when the ventricles are relaxed; the lowest pressure against the walls of an artery

blood pressure

Reflects the force the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries during contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of the heart.

function of the blood

Transportation materials to and from cellsTransports nutrients, carries O2, waste products, hormones to their target cells, regulates body temperature, protects against bacteria and viruses

blood components

Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets55% Plasma, 45%-Formed Elements

plasma

Liquid portion of blood

RBC

red blood cellErythrocytes4.5-5 million

red blood cells

Carry oxygenBlood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells.

hemoglobin function

*transports oxygen and carbon dioxide*carry oxygen and also CO2 back to the lungs*transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs

Red blood cells regulated

1. Oxygen deficiency stimulates Erythropoietin (EPO) production by kidneys

White blood count

*Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils*tests to see what percentage of total white blood cell count is composed of each of the five types of leukocytes

neutrophils

Most abundant white blood cell., The most abundant type of white blood cell. Phagocytic and tend to self-destruct as they destroy foreign invaders, limiting their life span to a few days.- WBC

lymphocytes

The two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system: B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.

monocytes

*A type of white blood cell that transforms into macrophages, extends pseudopods, and engulfs huge numbers of microbes over a long period of time*An agranular leukocyte that is able to migrate into tissues and transform into a macrophage.

eosinophils

*What IgE-mediated cell secretes major basic protein and has elevated levels in the blood during asthma and parasitic infections?*What type of WBC is present in increased numbers during an allergic reaction?

basophils

*When performing a WBC differential, which cell has the large, scattered dark blue granules that are darker than the nucleus?*A circulating leukocyte that produces histamine.

White Blood Count

What is a marker for an infectious disease?Status of immune system and ability to fight off infection

Platelet function

They play a key role in retention of blood loss by forming a * plug at the site of tears when connective tissue is exposed. Serotonin is released and smooth muscles contract in the vessel walls.*Blood clotting- Cause capillary homeostasis by adhering to the inner surface of a vessel and sticking to each other to create a temp. mechanical plu

Platelet function in hemostasis

- Cause capillary homeostasis by adhering to the inner surface of a vessel and sticking to each other to create a temp. mechanical plug

blood cells made

blood cells and bone marrow

blood type

*a classification of blood that depends on the type of antigen present on the surface of the red blood cell; A, B, AB, or O*A, B, AB and O. Type O is the universal donor and AB blood is known as the universal recipient.

antigens

*Foreign material that invades the body*Anything that is foreign to the body and that causes an immune response*What mobilizes the adaptive defenses and provokes an immune response?

antibodies

An antigen-binding immunoglobulin, produced by B cells, that functions as the effector in an immune response.Specialized proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents

antigens in blood

Def A,B in bloodmacromolecules are foriegn to host organism and trigger an immune response

antibodies in blood

Passive immunity=When are HIV antibodies detectable in blood?

blood vessels

VeinsArteries

blood flow thru blood vessels

tissue perfusion

heart function

*pumps blood throughout the body*Blood goes into right atrium from superior vena cava through tricuspid to right ventricle to the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary artery to lungs to pulmonary veins to bicuspid to left atrium to mitral valve to left ventricle to aortic valve to aorta

heart structure

4 chambers: 2 atria (right and left) and 2 ventricles (right and left)

heart valves

structures within the heart that open and close with the heartbeat to regulate the one-way flow of blood

heart layers

Endocardium ( inner), myocardium ( middle), and epicardium ( outer)

pericardium

Double-layered membrane surrounding the heart.

blood flow thru heart

Blood enters from superior and inferior vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valve, aorta, rest of body

cardiac cycle

A complete heartbeat consisting of contraction and relaxation of both atria and both ventriclesthe complete cycle of events in the heart from the beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next

cardiac conduction

a system of specialized muscle tissues that conducts electrical impulses that stimulate the heart to beat

digestive system

*Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells.*Composed of the alimentary canal and accessory structures. Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum), large intestine (colon), and anus, Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells.*The system of organs and structures responsible for the digestion of food. The digestive system includes teeth, mouth, esophagus, stomach, small, intestine, large intestine, and colon.

chyme

mixture of enzymes and partially-digested food

digestive process

*The process by which the body breaks down foods and either absorbs or excretes them.*Ingestion➡digestion➡absorption➡egestion*Mechanical digestion, denaturation of proteins (by acidity), chemical digestion of proteins (by pepsin), intrinsic factor, delivers chyme to small intestine

saliva

softens food in the mouth making it easier to swallow; helps break down food into simpler forms; secreted by glands in the mouth

GI tract

stomach, colon. intestines, anus rectum*Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum & anal canal*mouth -> esophagus -> LES -> stomach -> pyloric sphincter -> SI -> ileocecal sphincter -> LI -> rectum -> anus -> anal sphincter

motility

The capability of the GI tract to move material along its length is calledThe ability of an organism to move by itself

colon

The large intestinethe largest section of the vertebrate large intestine; functions in water absorption and formation of feces; first, coiled part of large intestine

small intestine structure

The thinner of the two intestine but is much longer. Is highly folded, highly vascular so it can absorb nutrients into the blood- The small intestine has three main structures— the lining, villi, and microvilli—that absorb most of the nutrients from chyme

gastric juices

Secretions from the stomach lining that contain hydrochloric acid and pepsin, an enzyme that digests protein.

pancreas secretion

Secretes pancreatic juice to break down carbs, fats, and proteinsSecrete pancreatic juices into the cavity and insulin, and glucagon into blood to regulate blood sugarSecretin - It is secreted from intestinal cells when acidic food from stomach enters small intestine. Secretin promotes secretion of bicarbonates and water from pancreas.

pancreas function

regulates blood sugar (insulin & glucagon)Secretes pancreatic juice which breaks down all categories of foodproduces digestive enzymes for fats, carbs, and proteins