Chapter 10 - Liquids and Solids

Liquid carbon dioxide

________ released from the extinguisher into the environment at 1 atm immediately changes to a vapor.

structures of crystalline solids

The ________ are most commonly determined by X- ray diffraction.

mixture of elements

Alloy**: a substance that contains a(n) ________ and has metallic properties.

Diffraction

________ is due to constructive interference when the waves of parallel beams are in phase and to destructive interference when the waves are out of phase.

L iquids

________ exhibit many characteristics that help us understand their nature.

Metals

________ are characterized by high thermal and electrical conductivity, malleability, and ductility.

external pressure

The melting point of ice decreases as the ________ increase.

Electrons

________ must be in singly occupied molecular orbitals to conduct a current.

alcohols methanol

The ________ and ethanol have much higher boiling points than would be expected from their molar masses because of the polar O- H bonds in these molecules, which produce hydrogen bonding.

Table sugar

________, on the other hand, is composed of neutral molecules that are dispersed throughout the water when the solid dissolves.

ceramic contains

A(n) ________ two phases: minute crystals of silicates that are suspended in glassy cement.

molecular orbitals

The existence of empty ________ close in energy to filled ________ explains the thermal and electrical conductivity of metal crystals.

Octahedral holes

________ are formed between two sets of three spheres in adjoining layers of the closest packed structures.

Molecular complexity

________ leads to higher viscosity because very large molecules can become entangled with each other.

Ceramics

________ seem an obvious choice for constructing jet and automobile engines in which the greatest fuel efficiencies are possible at very high temperatures.

Ionic solids

________ such as NaCl and NaF have very high melting points and enthalpies of fusion because of the strong ionic forces in these solids.

Metals

________ conduct electricity and heat very efficiently because of the availability of highly mobile electrons.

vapor pressures

The melting and boiling points for a substance are determined by the ________ of the solid and liquid states.

phase diagram

A(n) ________ is a convenient way of representing the phases of a substance as a function of temperature and pressure.

Hydrogen bonding

________ is also important in organic molecules.

Ionic solids

________ are stable, high- melting substances held together by the strong electrostatic forces that exist between oppositely charged ions.