Basic Molecular Genetic Mechanism

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ion concentration
When the ________ is low, this shielding is decreased, increasing the repulsive forces between the strands and reducing the Tm.
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RNA polymerases
Transcription of genes by ________ containing o54 is regulated by activators whose binding sites in DNA, referred to as enhancers.
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catabolite activator protein
Transcription of the lac operon under different conditions are controlled by lac repressor and ________ (CAP)
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Small proteins
________ of 100- 200 amino acids are therefore made in a minute or less.
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chemical linkage
The ________ between adjacent nucleotides, commonly called a** phosphodiester bond** actually consists of two phosphodiester bonds, one on the 5 sides of the phosphate and another on the 3 side.
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extracellular adhesive protein
Fibronectin**, a multidomain ________ found in mammals, provides a good example of alternative splicing.
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protein domains
Individual repeated ________ often are encoded by one exon or a small number of exons that code for identical or nearly identical amino** acid sequences**
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Base pairing
________ is apparent between the tRNAs in the A and P sites with their respective codons in mRNA.
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gene expression
Proteins are largely responsible for regulating ________, the entire process whereby the information encoded in DNA is decoded into the proteins that characterize various cell types.
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Nucleic Acid Strand
# # A(n) ________ Is a Linear Polymer with End- to- End Directionality.
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genetic information
Carries the ________ transcribed from DNA in the form of a series of three- nucleotide sequences- called** codons** (each specifies a particular amino acid.
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Denaturation
________ and renaturation of DNA are the basis of** nucleic acid hybridization**
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E coli
In ________, about half the genes are clustered into operons each of which encodes enzymes involved in a particular metabolic pathway or proteins that interact to form one multisubunit protein.
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eukaryotic protein
The** ________- synthesizing** machinery begins translation of most cellular mRNAs within about 100 nucleotides of the 5 capped end as just described.
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Watson Crick
The four stems are short double helices stabilized by ________ base pairing; three of the four stems have loops containing seven or eight bases at their ends.
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Deoxyribonucleic acid
________ (DNA)** contains all the information required to build the cells and tissues of an organism.
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single coat
In some viruses, multiple copies of a(n) ________ protein form a helical structure that encloses and protects the viral RNA or DNA.
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7 methylguanylate
A(n) ________ that is connected to the terminal nucleotide of the RNA by an unusual 5, 5 triphosphate linkage.
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single eukaryotic mRNA
The translation of a(n) ________** molecule to yield a typical- sized protein takes 30- 60 seconds.
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Cells
________ can regulate protein synthesis by phosphorylating a serine residue on the eIF2 bound to GDP.
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Eukaryotic
________ proteins** that participate in DNA replication has come largely from studies with small viral DNAs, particularly SV40 DNA, the circular genome of a small virus that infects monkeys.
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arrangement of coat
The number and ________ proteins in** icosahedral**, or** quasi- spherical**, viruses differ somewhat depending on their size.
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RNA
________ viruses**, which usually replicate in the host- cell cytoplasm, have a(n) ________ genome, and DNA viruses, which commonly replicate in the host- cell nucleus, have a DNA genome.
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Polynucleotides
________ can twist and fold into three- dimensional conformations stabilized by noncovalent bonds.
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inducer
A small molecule (or molecules), called an** ________**, binds to the repressor.
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electron micrographs
Structures that are referred to as** polyribosomes** (or polysomes) were seen to be circular in ________ of some tissues.
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Simultaneous translation
________ of an mRNA by multiple ribosomes is readily observable in electron micrographs and by sedimentation analysis, revealing mRNA attached to multiple ribosomes bearing nascent growing polypeptide chains.
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Adsorption
________**- Virion interacts with a host cell by binding multiple copies of capsid protein to specific receptors on the cell surface.
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DNA
Information stored in ________ is arranged in hereditary units, now known as genes, that control identifiable traits of an organism.
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few bacterial mRNAs
In a(n) ________, GUG is used as the initiator codon, and CUG occasionally is used as an initiator codon for methionine in eukaryotes.
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Adenine
________ rarely is found in the anticodon wobble position, many tRNAs in plants and animals contain inosine (I), a deaminated product of ________, at this position.
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Downstream
________ denotes the direction in which a template DNA strand is transcribed (or mRNA translated); a(n) ________ sequence is toward the 3 ends relative to the start site, considering the DNA strand with the same polarity as the transcribed RNA.
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activator proteins
Specific ________, such as CAP in the lac operon, also control transcription of some but not all bacterial genes.
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variety of conformations
Most cellular RNAs are single- stranded and exhibit a(n) ________.
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DNA of viruses
Introns are present in the ________ that infect eukaryotic cells.
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animal
For ________ and plant viruses, viral proteins also enter the host cell.
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transcription
Stimulates ________ from the promoter of the glnA gene.
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enzyme
The ________ binds to DNA at random sites and breaks a phosphodiester bond in one strand.
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lytic replication
Most plant and animal viruses with an RNA genome do not require nuclear functions for ________.
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natural DNA
In ________, A always hydrogen bonds with T and G with C, forming A·T and G·C base pairs.
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Eukaryotic eRF1
________, whose shape is similar to that of tRNAs, apparently acts by binding to the ribosomal A site and recognizing stop codons directly.
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Inosine
________ can form nonstandard base pairs with A, C, and U.
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outside of B
On the ________- form DNA, the spaces between the intertwined strands form two helical grooves of different widths described as the major groove and the minor groove.
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protein synthesis
In the process of transcription, the information stored in DNA is copied into** ribonucleic acid** (RNA), which has three distinct roles in ________.
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GDP
The** phosphorylated** complex is unable to exchange the bound ________ for GTP and can not bind Met- tRNAiMet, inhibiting protein synthesis.
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eukaryotic cells
Synthesis of all polypeptide chains in prokaryotic and ________ begins with the** amino acid methionine**
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peptide bond synthesis
Following ________, the ribosome is translocated along the mRNA at a distance equal to one codon.
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Transcription initiation
________** is considered complete when the first two ribonucleotides of an RNA chain are linked by a** phosphodiester bond**
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growth results
Because chain ________ from the formation of a phosphodiester bond between the 3 oxygen of a growing strand and the phosphate of a dNTP.
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operons
Transcription of ________, as well as of isolated genes, is controlled by an interplay between RNA polymerase and specific repressor and activator proteins.