Chapter 17 - Business and Labor in the Industrial Era (1860-1900)

George M Beard

________, a neurologist who popularized the term neurasthenia, concluded- incorrectly- that women were "more nervous, immeasurably than men.

Andrew Carnegie

________, who created the largest steel company in the world, rose to wealth from boyhood poverty.

American industry

________ has the highest rate of workplace accidents and death in the world.

Big Business

________, a term commonly used to refer to the giant corporations that emerged after the Civil War, was untamed and reckless.

old Alexander Graham Bell

In 1875, twenty- eight- year- ________ began experimenting with the concept of a "speaking telegraph, "or talking through wires.

Homestead

At the massive steel mill at ________, Pennsylvania, along the Monongahela River near Pittsburgh, the union had enjoyed friendly relations with Andrew Carnegies company until Henry Clay Frick became chief executive in 1889.

Edison

When ________ was twelve, he began working for the local railroad, selling newspapers, food, and candy to passengers.

Scotland

Born in ________, the son of weavers, he (Andrew Carnegie) migrated with his family in 1848 to western Pennsylvania.

August Spies

________, a German- born anarchist leader, printed leaflets in English.

Pittsburgh

In ________, thousands of striking workers burned thirty- nine buildings and destroyed more than 1, 000 railcars and locomotives.

New York

Born in ________ in 1839, John D. Rockefeller moved as a child to Cleveland, Ohio.

Carnegie

________ dominated the steel industry, acquiring competitors or driving them out of business by cutting prices and taking their customers.

Louis Lingg

On November 10, 1887, ________ committed suicide in his cell.

Legal Tender Act

The ________ of 1862 authorized the federal government to issue paper money " (greenbacks) "to help pay for the war.

1859

The first oil well in the United States began producing in ________ in Titusville, Pennsylvania, and led to the Pennsylvania oil rush of the 1860s.

1830s

The term middle class had first appeared in the ________ and had become commonplace by the 1870s, as more and more Americans came to view themselves as members of a distinct social class between the ragged and the rich.

Gompers

________ focused on concrete economic gains- higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions.

capitalist democracy

In a(n) ________ like America, the tensions between equal political rights and unequal economic status produce inherent social instability.

Indiana

The charismatic Debs was a child of working- class immigrants who had quit school at age fourteen to work for a(n) ________ railroad.

West Virginia

He owned coal mines in ________, bought huge deposits of iron ore in Michigan and Wisconsin, and transported the ore in his own ships across the Great Lakes and then by rail to his steel mills in Pittsburgh.

Bigness

________ was the driving goal of industrial capitalism.

1862

In the Homestead Act of ________, Congress provided free 160- acre (or even larger) homesteads to settlers in the West which created new markets for goods and services and spurred railroad construction.

Anarchists

________ believed that government- any government- was a device used by powerful capitalists to oppress and exploit the working poor.

Trains

________ and Time- The railroad network prompted the creation of national and international time zones and spurred the use of wristwatches, for the ________, that were scheduled to run on time.

1789

Since ________, the federal government had imposed tariffs- taxes on imported goods- to raise revenue and to benefit American manufacturers by penalizing their foreign competitors.

Railroads

________ became the first industry to contract with "investment banks "to raise capital by selling shares of stock to investors.

Wall Street

Railroads were Americas first truly big business, the first beneficiary of the great financial market known as ________ in New York City.

golden spike

The ________ used to connect the final rails symbolized the uniting of East and West, just as Robert E. Lees surrender four years earlier had come to represent the reunion of North and South.

transcontinental railroads

The ________ were the first of many investor- owned, publicly- traded corporations during the industrial era.

Illinois

It involved a dispute at Pullman, ________, a "model "industrial suburb of Chicago owned by the Pullman Palace Car Company, which made passenger train cars (called "Pullmans "or "sleeping cars)

Croatian immigrant

After the invention in 1887 of the alternating- current motor by a(n) ________ named Nikola Tesla, Westinghouse improved upon it, and the company began selling dynamos /electric motors.

cutthroat competition

To eliminate ________ and thereby stabilize production, wages, and prices, rival companies selling similar products often formed "pools "whereby they secretly agreed to keep production and prices at specified levels.

Molly Maguires

In the early 1870s, violence erupted in the eastern Pennsylvania coalfields, when a secret Irish American group called the ________ took economic justice into their own hands.

CP crews

The ________ were mainly young Chinese workers lured to America by the California gold rush or by the railroad jobs.

NLU

The ________ was more interested in advocating for improved workplace conditions than in bargaining with employers about wages and hours.

Technological advances

________ created economies of scale, whereby larger business enterprises, including huge commercial farms, could afford expensive new machinery and large workforces that boosted their productivity.

Congress

In 1861, the republican dominate ________ enacted the Morrill Tariff which doubled tax rates on hundreds of imported items as a means of raising money for the war and rewarding businesses that supported the republican party.

Electricity

________ also spurred urban growth by improving lighting, facilitating the development of trolley and subway systems, and stimulating the creation of elevators.

Steel

________ until the mid 19th century could only be made from wrought iron- which was expensive- and only could be imported from Sweden, and manufactured in small quantities.

Great Railroad Strike

The ________ became one of the most spectacular incidents of widespread violence in American history and revealed how polarized the working poor and business elites had become.

Samuel Gompers

________ served as president of the AFL from its founding until his death, in 1924, with only one years interruption.

Civil War

During the ________, when Scott became assistant secretary of war in charge of transportation, Carnegie went with him to Washington, D.C., and helped develop a military telegraph system.

Chicago

________ was a hotbed of labor unrest and a magnet for immigrants, especially German and Irish laborers, some of whom were socialists or anarchists who endorsed violence.

Morgan

________ was sent in 1857 to work in New York City for a new enterprise, J. Pierpont Morgan and Company.

words of General William T Sherman

The transcontinental railroads were, in the ________, the "work of giants ..

George Pullman

In 1897, ________ died of a heart attack, and the following year, the city of Chicago annexed the town of Pullman.

Standard Oil Trust

Instead of owning other companies outright, the ________ controlled more than thirty companies by having their stockholders transfer their shares "in trust "to Rockefeller and eight other trustees.

craft unions

The ________, representing skilled workers, generally opposed efforts to unite with industrial unionism.

National Banking Act

The ________ (1863) created national banks authorized to issue greenbacks, which discouraged state banks from continuing to issue their own paper money.

Electricity

________ enabled factories to be located wherever the owners wished; industry no longer had to cluster around waterfalls and coal deposits to have a ready supply of energy.