Chapter 42 - Circulation and Gas Exchange

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32 Terms

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Negative pressure breathing
________, which draws air into the lungs as the rib muscles and diaphragm flex, is used by mammals to ventilate their lungs.
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Platelets
________ play a role in blood clotting by initiating a chain reaction that transforms plasma fibrinogen into fibrin.
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Ventilation
________ and countercurrent exchange between blood and water improves the efficiency of gas exchange in some gills, notably those of fish.
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Pigments
________ that bind and transport gases are examples of gas exchange adaptations.
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Physical
________ and chemical barriers, as well as cell- based defenses, mediate innate immunity in both invertebrates and vertebrates.
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double circulation
In animals, ________ is driven by coordinated cycles of cardiac contraction.
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Birds
________ utilize a system of air sacs as bellows to maintain air moving through their lungs in just one direction, preventing incoming and outgoing air from mingling.
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Insects
________ use a tracheal system, which is a branching network of tubes that transports O2 directly to cells.
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Gills
________ are body surface out folding that are specialized for gas exchange in water.
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neurological system
The ________, hormones, and body temperature all have an impact on the pacemaker.
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heartbeat
The ________ is initiated by impulses from the right atrium's sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker)
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Vertebrates
________ have a closed circulatory system, which means that blood flows through a network of pumps and arteries.
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Recognition proteins
________ specific for wide groups of pathogens are required for the activation of innate immune responses.
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Circulatory systems
________ connect exchange surfaces to cells all over the body.
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gastrovascular cavity
A(n) ________ promotes exchange between the environment and cells that may be accessed via diffusion in animals with basic body designs.
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fungus
When a(n) ________ infects an insect, recognition proteins attach to ________ cell wall components, activating a transmembrane receptor called Toll.
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arrangement of respiratory
The form and ________ surfaces are different amongst animals.
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AV
They cause atrial contraction, which is subsequently delayed at the atrioventricular (________) node before being carried through the bundle branches and Purkinje fibers, causing ventricular contraction.
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Veins transport
________ blood from the capillaries to the atrium, which then transports it to the ventricle.
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interstitial fluid
Blood pumped by the ventricle of the heart travels to the arteries and then to the capillaries, which are sites of chemical interaction between blood and ________.
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Plasma proteins
________ have an effect on blood pH, osmotic pressure, and viscosity, as well as lipid transport, immunity (antibodies), and blood coagulation (fibrinogen)
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Deep diving animals
________ accumulate O2 in their blood and other tissues and gradually deplete it.
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Positive pressure breathing
________, which drives air down the trachea, is used by amphibians to ventilate their lungs.
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cardiac cycle
The ________, which is the full sequence of the heart's pumping and filling, consists of a time of contraction, known as systole, and a period of relaxation, known as diastole.
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lymphatic system
The ________, which also protects against infection, removes fluid from capillaries and returns it to the blood.
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Molecular recognition
________ in adaptive immunity is based on a large array of receptors, each of which identifies a characteristic present exclusively on a specific portion of a specific molecule in a specific pathogen.
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right ventricle
The ________ is responsible for pumping blood to the lungs, where it loads O2 and unloads CO2.
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Adaptive reactions
________ include the production of proteins that inactivate a bacterial toxin and the targeted kilowatt- hour.
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Whole blood
________ is made up of cells and cell fragments (platelets) floating in plasma, a liquid matrix.
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Insects' innate immune responses
________ are tailored to certain disease groups.
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circulatory system
Blood, blood arteries, and a two- to four- chambered heart comprise vertebrates 'closed ________.
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circulatory system
Because diffusion over large distances is sluggish, most sophisticated creatures have a(n) ________, the number, and separation of which reflect adaptations to varied habitats and metabolic demands.