Chapter 36 - Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Transpiration

________ propels water and mineral transfer from roots to shoots via the xylem.

Mycorrhizal hyphae

________ provide a vast surface area for absorbing water and minerals, notably phosphate, to the root systems of many plants.

Stomata

________ are the primary means by which plants lose water.

tension theory

According to the cohesion- ________, xylem sap flow is caused by a water potential difference produced at the leaf end of the xylem by evaporation of water from leaf cells.

Plants

________ that have adapted to dry conditions are known as xerophytes.

majority of angiosperms

The ________ exhibit alternate phyllotaxy, with leaves arranged in an upward spiral around the stem, with each succeeding leaf emerging 137.5° from the preceding one.

photosynthesis

In general, branching allows plants to gather more sunlight for ________.

Bulk flow

________, the movement of liquid in response to a pressure gradient, is used for long- distance transport.

architectural elements

The lengths and widths of stems, for example, as well as the branching pattern of shoots, are all ________ that influence light capture.

phloem

The ________ also transmits nerve- like electrical impulses that aid in the integration of whole- plant activity.

CO2

Because most plants grow in soil, they exist in two worlds: above ground, where shoots obtain sunshine and ________, and below ground, where roots obtain water and minerals.

Roots

________ dig the earth for water and nutrients, therefore anchoring the entire plant.

Sugar loading

________ at the source and unloading at the sink maintain a pressure differential, which maintains phloem sap flowing through a sieve tube.

Plant cells

________ become turgid as a result of osmotic water absorption and the resultant internal pressure.

shoot apical meristem

The ________ (as shown in the attached image) determines phyllotaxy and is unique to each species (as shown in the attached image)

proteins

When dilated, they allow symplastic transport of ________, RNAs, and other macromolecules across vast distances.

Vines

________ are an exception, as they rely on other items (typically other plants) to provide support for their stems Stems are seen in woody plants, get thicker as a result of secondary growth (as shown in the attached image)

Plant tissues

________ are divided into two parts: the apoplast (everything outside the cells 'plasma membranes) and the symplast (everything inside the cells 'plasma membranes)

Sucrose

________ and H+ are transported when they diffuse along a gradient created by proton pumps.

vascular cylinder

Water and minerals from the soil enter the plant through the root epidermis, traverse the root cortex, and enter the ________ via the endodermis 'selectively permeable cells.

Evaporation

________ decreases the water potential at the air- water contact, resulting in the negative pressure that pushes water through the xylem.

xylem sap

The ________ is carried great distances by bulk flow from the vascular cylinder to the veins that branch throughout each leaf.

photosynthetic shoots

The first plants were nonvascular, producing ________ above the shallow fresh water in which they thrived.

Plant designs

________ have evolved as a result of natural selection to improve resource acquisition in the ecological niche in which the plant species naturally resides.

Phloem transport

________ is constantly directed from sugar source to sugar sink.

Plants' algal ancestors

________ absorbed water, minerals, and CO2 from the water in which they lived.

Bulk flow

________ occurs in the xylem's tracheids and vessel elements, as well as the phloem's sieve- tube components.

transpiration

Wilting happens when the water lost via ________ is not replenished by root absorption.

Plants

________ have both active and passive transport systems.

Plants

________ have a limited lifespan.