since you have both alleles, you can pass on the favorable one to your offspring so they will be successful
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sexual selection
natural selection arising through preference by one sex for certain characteristics in individuals of the other sex
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genetic flow
transfer of alleles or genes from one population to another, migration and emigration can causes this
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genetic drift
A change in the allele frequency of a population as a result of chance events rather than natural selection.
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bottleneck effect
some type of catastrophe wipes out a large segment of a population and survivors are not a representation of the original population
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mutations
create new alleles, advantageous alleles will increase over generations
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cline
there are different environments and the same species looks different because of it ex. black bears
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deme
small, localized population
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divergent evolution
one species goes 2 different way and becomes 2 different species, usually due to environment changes
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convergent evolution
Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments
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parallel evolution
Two related species that have made similar evolutionary adaptations after their divergence from a common ancestor
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Habitat (geographic) isolation
A type of reproductive isolation due to separation by an impassable geographic barrier such as a mountain range, body of water, etc.
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behavioral isolation
Form of reproductive isolation in which two populations have differences in courtship rituals or other types of behavior that prevent them from interbreeding
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temporal isolation
form of reproductive isolation in which two populations reproduce at different times
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mechanical isolation
reproductive parts do not fit
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gametic isolation
A prezygotic (pre zygote) reproductive barrier where the sperm of one species may not be able to fertilize the eggs of another species
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sterile offspring
reduced hybrid fertility (offspring cannot reproduce- postzygotic) i.e. mule
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hybrid inviability
offspring dies during development (postzygotic)
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hybrid breakdown
Some first-generation hybrids are fertile, but when they mate with another species or with either parent species, offspring of the next generation are feeble or sterile
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Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
condition in which a population's allele frequencies for a given trait do not change from generation to generation
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descent with modification
principle that each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time
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phylogenetic tree (cladogram)
a diagram that depicts the ancestral relationships between organisms
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explain differential reproductive success as it relates to the struggle for existence
more successful you are at reproducing, the more you will pass on your genes and your offspring will be fit
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Natural selection
A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.
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explain what the statement "natural selection depends on time and place" means
what traits are passed on depends on the environment and it takes generations for natural selection to take effect
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homologous structures
Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry. Same structure, different function
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Analogous structures (convergent evolution)
various structures in different species having the same function but have evolved separately, thus do not share common ancestor
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how are the founder effect and the bottleneck effect the same, yet different
the founder effect and the bottleneck effect are the same because the number of organism within a population changes and the frequency of a population changes but they are different because the founder effect happens when emigration or immigration occur and the bottleneck effect happens when a catastrophe wipes out a segment of a population
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what 4 conditions must be met for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg genetic equilibrium
1. no mutations
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2. large population
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3. random mating (no sexual selection)
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4. no immigration or emigration
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how can gene flow affect genetic equilibrium in a population
if more organisms come or more leave, then there can be more organisms or less organisms and can change the frequency of alleles and effect equilibrium
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how can cline lead to speciation
a cline is when a species looks different because they live in different environments and this can lead to speciation because a new species can be created
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what were Lamarck's 2 methods that organisms changed over time and was he correct
1. use and dis-use of characteristics (go away)
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2. acquired characteristics
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he was not correct because characteristics do not go away unless they are harmful and if an organism acquires a characteristics during its lifetime it will not pass it to its offspring
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how does the term differential reproductive success relate to natural selection
if you are more successful at reproducing then natural selection will be successful and the offspring will be fit
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describe how selection pressures can change allelic frequencies
if there is a catastrophe and you are only able to mate with an organism with certain genes, then the allelic frequencies will change because then there will be more of one gene and less of another
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can an individual organism adapt to its environment
no because if an organism is not born with the genes then it can not make a gene in order to survive, only a population can adapt because mutations can occur and then will pass that gene along and then adaption will occur
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why do vestigial structures disappear over time
because organisms that have that harmful structure will not mate and the structure will be lost
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what are 4 types of evidence that can be used to determine common ancestry
1. structural evidence (homolgous and analogous) structures