Medicine Through Time Edexcel GCSE

Medieval period

1250-1500

What is miasma ?

Idea that disease was spread through bad smells and evil fumes

Which disease was mentioned in the bible as a consequence of sin?

Leprosy

What was on the regimen sanitatis?

>have a healthy diet
>avoid stress
>bathe
>exercise
>not to much sex
>avoid drunks and barking dogs

Why did people want the King to touch them?

They believed it could cure illness and disease (especially scrofula (tuberculosis))

How many people did Edward 1 attempt to touch a year?

2000

Why were physicians uncommon in the Medieval period?

>rare
>Expensive

What was the original role of hospitals?

To offer hospitality to travellers and pilgrims

How many hospitals were in England by 1500?

1100

What percent of hospitals were run by the church?

30%

Who ran church hospitals?

monks and nuns

What was an endowment?

When a wealthy person left money for a hospital

Why did the church want people to recover?

to prove God existed

When did the black death outbreak occur?

1345-1348

At its height how many were buried in London per day?

200

What was believed to have caused the Black death?

>unusual alignment of Mars, Jupiter and Saturn
>Impure air from a volcano
>imbalanced humours
>punishment for sin

What was self-flagellation

Whipping yourself to remove humanities sins (attempted to get rid of the plague)

How did people try to prevent the Black Death?

>stopped cleaning the streets (bad smell drove off miasma)
>carry a posy to smell
>pray or go on pilgrimages
>self-flagellate
>avoid people with the plague

How long were new people in a town quarantined for?

40 days

How did people try to treat the Black Death

>spent time confessing sins
>cut open buboes
>bleeding
>took theriaca
>ingest aloe and myrrh- healing properties
>they didn't- it was Gods will

Renaissance Period

1500-1700

What continued into the Renaissance?

>4 humours
>bleeding ,purging
>herbal remedies
>prayer
>avoidance of disease
>regimen sanitatis

What was Humanism?

idea that humans should be free to explore the truth of the world and encouraged learning - in the medieval period people were asked not to challenge the church.

Who, and when was the printing press created?

>Johannes Guttenberg
>1440s-although not widely used until the renaissance

Why were books rare in the medieval period?

They were handwritten by monks this made them rare and expensive

What did the Printing Press allow ?

criticism of the church and Galens ideas

Who was Sydenham known as ?

The "English Hippocrates"

What did Sydenham say physicians should do ?

doctors should observe and keep accurate records of symptoms, said diseases should be treated as a whole - not just individual symptom

Which diseases did Thomas Sydenham discover were different ?

Measels and the Scarlet Fever

What was observationes Medicae? , When was it published?

- A book of Sydenham's studies
-1676

What is the Royal Society?

-a scientific group that encouraged sharing and developing of ideas
-created a library of research

Who and when was the royal society founded?

\-K
\-1660ing Charles ii

When was the Pharmacopheia Londinesis published? How many remedies were contained in it ?

-1618
- over 2000 remedies
- one remedy treated louis xiv of France of Thyroid

Why did people still believe in the 4 humours?

-they did not like change

Why was bathing less common?

>People were catching syphilis from bathhouses - Henry viii closed all bathhouses in London
>it was actually due to bathhouses being brothels as well

What was the theory of Transferrence?

idea of illness being able to be moved to an object EG

rubbing a wart with an onion

Why was the Age of Exploration important ?

It brought new herbal items from the Americas such as tobacco, cedar and cinchona bark used to treat malaria

Who was Vesalius?

-studied at the university of Padua
-wrote Fabric of The Human Body in 1543
-noted Galen had made mistakes

When was fabric of the human body published?

1543

What were some of the 300 mistakes Galen had made?

-the jaw was 1 bone not 2
-men did not have a fewer pair of ribs then women
-the liver did not have 5 separate lobes

What did Vesalius encourage more of?

dissection

What did William Harvey discover?

-proved Galen wrong
-blood was not created by the Liver
-discovered arteries and veins were part of one system pumped by the heart