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Leaving Earth

The concept of humans finding new homes in space.

Mars

A planet that is often considered as a potential colony for humans due to its similarities to Earth.

Venus

A hostile and deadly planet in the solar system.

Colony

A group of humans living and working together in a specific location outside of Earth.

Greenhouse effect

The trapping of heat in a planet's atmosphere, leading to increased temperatures.

CO2

Carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that contributes to the greenhouse effect.

Earth's atmosphere

The layer of gases surrounding the Earth.

Surface temperature

The temperature on the surface of a planet.

Denser

Having a higher concentration or density.

Pressure

The force exerted on a surface by the weight of the atmosphere above it.1. Venus:The second planet from the Sun, similar in size to Earth and with 90 percent of its surface gravity.

Surface gravity

The force of gravity experienced on the surface of a planet or celestial body.

Colonizing the solar system

The process of establishing human settlements and habitats on other planets or celestial bodies.

Negative health effects

Adverse impacts on human health caused by long days in low gravity places.

Habitat

A place suitable for living or supporting life.

Terraforming

The process of transforming a planet or celestial body to make it habitable for humans.

Oceans

Large bodies of saltwater that cover a significant portion of a planet's surface.

Lush forests

Dense and thriving vegetation areas with a variety of trees and plants.

Blue sky

The color of the sky when there is no cloud cover or atmospheric pollution.

Great pyramids

Massive structures built in ancient Egypt as tombs for pharaohs.

Ancestors

Previous generations of humans from whom a person is descended.

Cooling Venus down

The process of reducing the temperature of Venus.

Heavy atmosphere

The thick layer of gases surrounding a planet.

Gas

A state of matter characterized by particles that are widely spaced and move freely.

Solar collectors

Devices that capture and convert solar energy into usable forms.

Laser beams

Highly focused beams of light that can be used for various purposes.

Power generating capacity

The ability to produce and supply electrical power.

Sequester

To isolate or remove a substance from the environment.

CO2

Carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming.

Chem call reactions

Chemical reactions that involve the formation or breaking of chemical bonds.1. Mass driver systems:Electric rails used to shoot elements like calcium or magnesium from one planet to another, eliminating the need for rockets on smaller planets.

Carbonates

Compounds formed by the combination of metals and carbon dioxide (CO2), which can help sequester CO2 from the atmosphere.

Sequester

To capture and store a substance, in this case, CO2, in a different form or location.

Impractical

Not feasible or realistic due to various reasons, such as scale or resource requirements.

Venus in the shade

The concept of blocking out the sun on Venus by constructing a large mirror to free the atmosphere.

Solar sail

A large flat surface that can be pushed by the pressure of sunlight, similar to a sail on a boat.

Annular slacks

Circular sections of angled mirrors that reflect sunlight from one mirror to another, redirecting the light to the back and balancing the force on the front.

Infrastructure

The necessary systems and structures put in place to support a particular project or operation.

Grape flood

A metaphorical term referring to the sudden and intense rainstorm of liquid CO2 on Venus after the critical temperature is reached.

Critical temperature

The specific temperature at which a substance undergoes a significant change in its physical properties.

Global rainstorm

A rainstorm that occurs on a global scale, affecting the entire planet.1. Venus:The second planet from the Sun in our solar system.

Surface temperature

The temperature on the outermost layer of a planet or celestial body.

Pressure

The force exerted by a substance per unit area.

CO2

Carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that is present in the atmosphere of Venus.

Celsius

A temperature scale where 0 degrees represents the freezing point of water and 100 degrees represents the boiling point of water at standard atmospheric pressure.

Oceans

Large bodies of saltwater that cover a significant portion of a planet's surface.

Freeze

The process of a substance changing from a liquid to a solid state due to a decrease in temperature.

Snow

Precipitation in the form of ice crystals that fall from the atmosphere.

Atmosphere

The layer of gases surrounding a planet or celestial body.

Nitrogen

A gas that makes up a significant portion of Earth's atmosphere.

Suffocating

The inability to breathe due to a lack of oxygen or presence of harmful gases.

Insulation

Material used to prevent the transfer of heat or electricity.

Venus Rock

The rocky surface of Venus.

Volcanoes

Openings in the Earth's crust through which molten rock, ash, and gases are ejected.

Mass drivers

Devices used to accelerate and propel objects using electromagnetic forces.

Rockets

Vehicles that are propelled by the expulsion of exhaust gases.

Ice moons

Moons that have a significant amount of ice on their surfaces.1. Europa:One of Jupiter's moons with twice as much water as Earth's oceans.

Construction drones

Robots used to cut chunks of ice off Europa.

Venus

The planet where the ice from Europa is shot at using striders.

Space Tethers

Devices that can take a payload on both ends and are used to transport ice from Europa to Venus.

Payload

The cargo or object being transported by the space tethers.

Atmosphere

The layer of gases surrounding a planet.

CO2 ice

Carbon dioxide in solid form.

Nitrogen

A gas that can be removed from the atmosphere using the same method as removing CO2 ice.

Terraforming

The process of making a planet habitable for humans.

Breathable atmosphere

An atmosphere that contains the necessary gases for humans to breathe.

Life

Adding living organisms to the planet.1. Avenous day:A day on the planet Avenous that is 2802 hours long, equivalent to more than 116 Earth days.

Giant mirror

A mirror on Avenous that, when removed, would cause half of the planet to become extremely hot.

Massive atmosphere

The atmosphere on Avenous that, even without it, would still result in unbearable temperatures.

Day-night cycle

The cycle of alternating between day and night on Avenous, created by using mirrors to illuminate the planet's surface.

Incense

The surface of Avenous that needs to be illuminated by mirrors to allow energy in and melt the water oceans.

Cyanobacteria

Microorganisms that are likely to be the first inhabitants of Avenous, capable of photosynthesis and releasing oxygen.

Photosynthesis

The process by which cyanobacteria convert sunlight into energy and release oxygen as a byproduct.

Nitrogen fixation

The process by which cyanobacteria convert nitrogen from the atmosphere into nutrients that can be used by living beings.

Dead ocean water

The water in Avenous' oceans that needs to be fertilized by cyanobacteria to prepare it for more complex organisms.

Nitrogen fixing plants

Plants that can grow on Avenous' land and use the nitrogen-rich soil created by cyanobacteria to thrive.

Continent

The landmass on Avenous where billions of trees would eventually spread, creating a large green covering.

CO2

Carbon dioxide that would be strategically released on Avenous to supply the plants and cyanobacteria with additional nutrients.

Orbital mirrors

Mirrors in orbit around Avenous that would provide extra light to areas already covered with plants, allowing them to be active for most of each day.1. Genetic engineering:The manipulation of an organism's genes to create desired traits or characteristics.

Machinery of life

The complex systems and processes that enable living organisms to function.

Atmosphere

The layer of gases surrounding a planet or celestial body.

Oxygen mask

A device worn over the mouth and nose to provide a supply of oxygen.

Resources

Materials or substances that can be used or consumed to meet a need or achieve a goal.

Carbon dioxide ice

Solid carbon dioxide, commonly known as dry ice, which forms at very low temperatures.

Nitrogen

A chemical element that makes up a large portion of Earth's atmosphere and is essential for life.

Terraforming

The process of transforming a planet or celestial body to make it habitable for humans.

Mars

The fourth planet from the Sun in our solar system, often considered a potential target for human colonization.

Venus

The second planet from the Sun in our solar system, known for its extreme temperatures and hostile environment.

Venus

The second planet from the Sun in our solar system, known for its extreme temperatures and hostile environment.

Ecosystems

A community of living organisms and their interactions with each other and their environment.

Settlers

People who establish a new community or colony in a different location.

Descendants

The offspring or future generations of a particular individual or group.