chapter two - general anatomy and physiology

abductor digiti minimi

foot muscle that allows the little toe to flex and move

abductor hallucis

foot muscle that moves the big toe away from the other toes

abductors

muscles that draw a body part away from the midline of the body; seperate the fingers in the hand

adductors

muscles that draw a body part toward the midline of the body; draw the fingers together in the hand

anabolism

process of simple molecules combining to form a complex molecule; requires energy

anatomy

also called gross anatomy, is the study of human body structures, how the body parts are organized, and the science of the interconnected structure of organisms, or of their parts

aorta

largest artery in the body

arteries

thick-walled flexible tubes that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the arterioles

autonomic nervous system

part of the nervous system that controls involuntary muscle action and regulates the action of the smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels, heart and breathing

arterioles

small arteries that deliver blood to the capillaries

belly

middle part of the muscle

bicep

muscle that produces the contour of the front and inner side of the upper arm; lifts the forearm and flexes the elbow

blood

fluid that travels through the circulatory system to supply oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues and to remove carbon dioxide and waste from them

blood vessels

tubelike structures that circulate blood throughout the body including arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins

body systems

also known as systems; groups of body organs acting together to preform one or more functions

brain

one of the body’s most complex organs that controls all the body’s functions

buccinator

muscle of the cheek between the upper and lower jaw that compresses the cheeks and expels air between the lips

capillaries

tiny blood vessels that connect the smaller arteries to the venules, bring nutrients to the cells, and carry away waste materials`

carpus

also known as the wrist; flexible joint composed of eight small, irregular bones called carpals

catabolism

process of breaking complex molecules down into simple molecules; releases energy

cell membrane

thin layer of tissue that surrounds the cell; it protects the interior of the cell from its surroundings and is semipermeable, meaning it allows certain substances to enter the cell

cells

basic units of all living things

central nervous system

controls voluntary muscle actions and consists of the brain ,spinal cord, spinal nerves and cranial nerves

cervical vertebrae

seven bones located below the skull; provide support, structure and flexibility to the neck

circulatory system

also known as the cardiovascular system or vasular system, controls the body’s steady circulation through the heart and blood vessels

clavicle

also known as the collarbone, it joins the sternum and scapula

common carotis arteries

main arteries on both sides of the neck that supply blood to the head face and neck

connective tissue

fibrous tissue that binds and supports other body tissues and organs

corrugator

small muscle located between the eyebrows just blow the frontalis; draws the eyebrow down and wrinkles the forehead vertically

cranium

oval, bony case consisting of eight bones that protect the brain

cytoplasm

watery fluid that surrounds the nucleus; provides structure for cell parts to move within the cell membrane; enzymes in the cytoplasm help digest and break down other molecules for food

deltoid

large, triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint that allows the arm to extend outward and to the side of the body

depressor labii inferioris

muscle that surrounds and lowers the lower lip and draws it to one side, as when expressing sarcasm; also known as quadratus labii inferioris

endocrine system

body system consisting of a group of specialized glands that control the growth development reproduction and health of the entire body

endocrine glands

also known as ductless glands; include the pituitary, thyroid and adrenal glands, as well as other glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream

epicranial aponeurosis

tendon that connects the occipitalis and frontalis; also called occipitofrontalis

epithelial tissue

provides a covering that protects the body and is found within many parts of the body such as skin, mucous membranes, digestive and respiratory organs, the lining of the mouth, the lining of the heart and the glands

ethmoid bone

separates nasal cavity from the brain

exocrine glands

also known as duct glands; include the sebaceous and sudoriferous glands, as well as others and produce a substance that travels through small tubelike ducts

extensor digitorum longus

muscle that bends the foot up and extends the toes

extensor hallucis longus

muscle that extends the big toe and flexes the foot

extensors

muscles that extend and straighten