________ death in 768 brought to the throne of the Frankish kingdom his son, a dynamic and powerful ruler known to his- tory as Charles the Great or Charlemagne.
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Europe
Baghdad became the center of an enormous trade empire that extended into ________, Asia, and Africa, greatly adding to the wealth of the Islamic world.
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Bulgars
Although the ________ were originally an Asiatic people who conquered much of the Balkan peninsula, they were eventually absorbed by the larger native southern Slavic population.
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Muslims
________ embellished their buildings with unique decorative art that avoided representation of living things because their religion prohibited the making of graven images.
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Macedonian rulers
Under the ________, Byzantium enjoyed a strong civil service, talented emperors, and military advances.
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dietary deficiencies
Drought or too much rain could mean meager harvests, famine, and ________ that made people susceptible to a wide range of diseases.
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Islamic cities
________ had a distinctive physical appearance due to their common use of certain architectural features, such as the pointed arch and traceried windows, and specific kinds of buildings.
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Abbasids
In 762, the ________ built a new capital city, Baghdad, on the Tigris River far to the east of Damascus.
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Swedish Vikings
________, known to the eastern Slavs as Varangians, moved down the extensive network of rivers into the lands of the eastern Slavs in search of booty and new trade routes.
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labor requirements
Although ________ varied from manor to manor and person to person, a common work obligation was three days a week.
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Byzantine civil service
The ________ was staffed by well- educated, competent aristocrats from Constantinople who oversaw the collection of taxes, domestic administration, and foreign policy.
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southern Slavic peoples
The ________ were converted to the Eastern Orthodox Christianity of the Byzantine Empire by two Byzantine missionary brothers, Cyril and Methodius, who began their activities in 863.
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Muslim
Although the Quran instructed men to treat women with respect, the male was dominant in ________ society.
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Serfs
________ were required to provide labor services, pay rents, and be subject to the lords jurisdiction.
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Bulgars
The ________ were defeated, and both the eastern and western parts of Bulgaria were annexed to the empire.
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Charlemagne
________ personally promoted learning by establishing a palace school and encouraging scholars from all over Europe to come to the Carolingian court.
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Charlemagne
________ was a deter- mined and decisive man, intelligent and inquisitive.
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Charlemagne
________ encouraged his own artists to look to the arts of ancient Rome and the Byzantine Empire.
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Early Middle Ages
The cultivation of new land proved especially difficult in the ________. Given the crude implements of the time, it was not easy to clear forests and prepare the ground for planting.
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Hungarian Graves
One study of ________ found that of every five skeletons, one was a child below the age of one, and two were children between one and fourteen; more than one in five was a woman below the age of twenty.
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Carolingian Renaissance
His efforts led to a revival of learning and culture that some historians have labeled the ________, or ‘‘rebirth’’ of learning.
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Alcuin
Best known was ________, from the famous school at York, founded as part of the great revival of learning in the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria.
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French
By the ninth century, inhabitants of the western Frankish area were speaking a Romance language derived from Latin that became ________.
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Byzantine Empire
During the reign of Michael III, the ________ began to experience a revival.
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Constantinople
Thanks to this prosperity, the city of ________ flourished. To western Europeans, it was the stuff of legends and fables.
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Barbarians
The Germans assumed responsibility for the conversion of these Slavic peoples because German emperors considered it their duty to spread Christianity to the ________.
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Baghdad
________ became the center of an enormous trade empire that extended into Europe, Asia, and Africa, greatly adding to the wealth of the Islamic world.
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al-Hakeem
One caliph, ________, collected books from different parts of the world and then had them translated into Arabic and Latin.
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Cordoba
Large numbers of women served as teachers and librarians in ________.
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