Chapter 19 - Political Stalemate and Rural Revolt (1865-1900)

commuter trains

The ________ and trolleys allowed a growing middle class of business executives and professionals (accountants, doctors, engineers, sales clerks, teachers, store managers, and attorneys) to retreat from crowded downtowns to quieter, tree- lined "streetcar suburbs ..

Colorado

Weaver received more than 1 million votes and carried ________, Kansas, Nevada, and Idaho.

Garbage

________ and raw sewage were carelessly dumped into streets and waterways, causing epidemics of infectious diseases such as cholera, typhoid fever, and yellow fever.

William McKinley

________, who had sponsored the tariff bill, lost his seat (although the following year he would be elected Ohios governor)

Sherman act

The ________ helped set the stage for the currency issue to eclipse all others during the financial panic that would sweep the country in 1893.

Civil War

Before the ________, Romanticism had dominated American literature and painting.

Cleveland

________ was an old- style Democrat who believed in minimal government activity.

San Francisco

In 1873, ________ became the first city to use cable cars that clamped onto a moving underground cable driven by a central power source.

Sherman Antitrust Act

The ________ was rarely enforced, in large part because of its vague definitions of "trusts "and "monopolies ..

Leonidas Polk

________, a former Confederate general who was the head of the North Carolina Alliance, traveled to Kansas and was so impressed by the size of the open- air farm rallies that he declared that farmers across the nation "have risen up and inaugurated a movement such as a world has never seen ..

Alabama

________ was the banner Populist state of the South, with 37 percent of its vote going to Weaver.

fiery evangelical moralist

A(n) ________, Bryan was a two- term congressman who had lost a race for the Senate in 1894, when Democrats by the dozens were swept out of office.

Bryan

________ was the first major candidate since Andrew Jackson to champion the poor, the discontented, and the oppressed.

Lily Bart

________, the heroine of Edith Whartons The House of Mirth (1905), declares that she "must have a great deal of money "to be happy.

drastic decline

The ________ in prices was caused by overproduction and growing international competition in world food markets.

Ohio

In 1879, ________ congressman James Garfield warned Hayes that "if he wishes to hold any influence "with fellow Republicans, he "must abandon some of his notions of Civil Service reform ..

1887

In ________, Charles W. Macune, the Southern Alliance president, urged Texas farmers to create their own Alliance Exchange to free themselves from dependence on commercial warehouses, grain elevators, food processors, and banks.

Nebraska

The 1890 congressional elections revealed deep- seated unrest in the farming communities of the South, on the plains of Kansas and ________, and in the mining towns of the Rocky Mountain region.

Kansas

In ________, Mary Elizabeth Lease emerged as a fiery speaker for the farm protest movement.

Reform Darwinism

________ was a pillar of the progressive movement.

Darwin

________ showed how the chance processes of evolution give energy and unity to life.

Iowa

In 1887, Protestant activists in ________ formed the American Protective Association (APA), a secret organization whose members pledged never to employ or vote for a Roman Catholic.

Pennsylvania

Born in ________ to Irish immigrants, Lease migrated to Kansas, taught school, raised a family, and failed at farming in the mid- 1880s.

Hayes

________ had been the compromise presidential nominee of two factions fighting for control of the Republican party, the so- called Stalwarts and HalfBreeds, led, respectively, by Senators Roscoe Conkling of New York and James G. Blaine of Maine.

Mark Twain

Centered in the large cities and major universities of the northeast, the Mugwumps were mostly professors, editors, and writers who included in their number the most famous American of the time, writer and humorist ________.

Garfield

________ had been a minister, a lawyer, and a college president before serving in the Civil War as a Union army general.

honest government

The Mugwumps, a self- appointed group of reformers dedicated to promoting ________, saw the election as a "moral rather than political "contest.

Otis Elevator Company

In 1889, the ________ installed the first electric elevator, which made it possible to construct much taller buildings.

Granger movement

The ________ failed to address the foremost concerns of struggling farmers: declining crop prices and the inadequate amount of money in circulation.

Irish

During the 1880s, Protestant Republicans infuriated many immigrants and Catholics of ________, Italian, or German backgrounds by promoting efforts to limit or prohibit the consumption of alcoholic beverages.

Alliance leaders

In 1892, ________ organized a convention in Omaha, Nebraska, at which they formed the Peoples Party (Populists)

Saloons

________ were the workingmans social club and were especially popular among male immigrants seeking companionship in a strange land.

Englishman Herbert Spencer

________, a leading social philosopher, was the first major prophet of what came to be called social Darwinism.

Monetary inflation

________ was popular with farmers because it allowed them to repay their debts with cheaper money.

Spencer

________ argued that human society and its institutions, like the organisms studied by Darwin, evolved through the same process of natural selection.

election of 1896

The ________ symbolized the central conflict of the Gilded Age: the clashing cultural and economic values of two Americas, one older, small- scale, and rural, the other newer, large- scale, and urban.

Civil War

After the ________, the Republican party remained strongest in New England, upstate New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and the Midwest.

Bryan

________ carried most of the West and all of the South but found little support in the North and East.

Darwin

________ dismissed Spencers social theories as "unconvincing ..

Cleveland

Although ________ was known for his honesty and integrity, he was hurt by two personal issues: the discovery that he had paid for a substitute to take his place in the Union army during the Civil War, and a juicy sex scandal that erupted when a Buffalo newspaper revealed that ________, a bachelor, had befriended an attractive widow named Maria Halpin, who named him the father of her baby born in 1874.

William McKinley

________, the McKinley Tariff Act of 1890 raised duties (taxes) on imported manufactured goods to their highest level ever and added many agricultural products to the tariff list to appease farmers.

Hayes

________ appointed a Democrat as postmaster general in an effort to clean up an office infamous for trading jobs for political favors.

Civil War

The period from the end of the ________ to the beginning of the twentieth century was an era noted for the widening social and economic gap between the powerful and the powerless, the haves and have- nots.

Cleveland

________ had first attracted national attention in 1881 when he was elected mayor of Buffalo on an anti- corruption platform.

Cleveland

In 1887, ________ argued that Congress should reduce both the tariff rates and the number of imported goods subject to tariffs to enable European companies to compete in the American marketplace.