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Properties of water
Water is a polar molecule with high heat capacity, cohesion, and adhesion due to hydrogen bonding.
Carbohydrates
Composed of monosaccharides, they provide energy and structural support in cells.
Lipids
Hydrophobic molecules including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, involved in energy storage and cell membrane structure.
Proteins
Made up of amino acids, they have diverse functions such as enzymatic activity and structural support.
Nucleic acids
DNA and RNA, responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information.
Enzymes
Catalysts that speed up biochemical reactions by lowering activation energy.
Cell theory
All living organisms are composed of cells, which are the basic units of structure and function, and arise from pre-existing cells.
Prokaryotic vs
Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have them.
Nucleus
Contains DNA and controls cell activities.
Mitochondria
Site of cellular respiration and ATP production.
Endoplasmic reticulum
Involved in protein and lipid synthesis.
Golgi apparatus
Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for transport.
Lysosomes
Contain digestive enzymes for intracellular digestion.
Cell membrane
Composed of a phospholipid bilayer, regulates substance passage in and out of the cell.
Photosynthesis
Light-dependent reactions convert light energy into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH) in the thylakoid membranes. Light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle) use ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 into glucose in the stroma.
Cellular respiration
Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH in the cytoplasm.
