the scientific study of the human mind and its functions, especially those affecting behavior in a given context
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Behavior
the action or reaction of something under specified circumstances
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Structuralism
our conscious is broken into objective sensations and subjunctive feelings, and that our mind works by combining both (Edward Titchener)
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Functionalism
consciousness helps people to adapt to their environment, based on Darwinism (William-James)
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Psychoanalysis
memories lie in the subconscious and needed to be drawn out using hypnosis (Freud)
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Behaviorism
psychology should be limited to observable behavior, and it is unscientific to use behavior to understand the subconscious (John B(ehavioralist) Watson)
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Reinforcement
concept introduced into behaviorism giving rewards to control and maintain good behavior (B.F. Skinner)
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Gestalt psychology
consciousness can be best understood by observing it as a total experience rather than breaking it down, so the meaning of its parts more than the sum of its parts
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Introspection
examining one's own thoughts and feelings, which means to look within
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Wilhelm Wundt
established first psychology experimental lab in 1879 to study introspection in a disciplined and controlled environment, said that observations needed to be made by trained observers rather than through our own minds
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Sir Francis Bacon
developed the scientific method, modern psychology relies on this, he believed the science should rely on observation and experimentation
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Socrates
knowledge is born from within us, first to suggest we learn about our own behavior through introspection
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Cognitive psychology
an approach to psychology that emphasizes internal mental processes (Carl Rogers/Abraham Maslow)
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Basic research
pure knowledge aimed to increase psychology knowledge base
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Biological perspective
behavior and mental processes are largely shaped by the nervous system: brain hormones and genes, so brain might be more active while listening to music than while studying science
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Psychoanalytic perspective
our behaviors come by unconscious drives, usually stemming from childhood (heavily debated), think Freud
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Sociocultural perspective
focuses on how culture influences the way we think and act, varies by culture (examples are gender, race, and age)
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Biological psychologists
explore the link between the physical brain and the mind (basic research)
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Developmental psychologists
explore how a person changes throughout their life, from "womb to tomb" (basic research)
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Cognitive psychologists
experiment on how we perceive, think, and solve problems (basic research)
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Personality psychologists
develop personality tests, investigate traits that explain behavior/decisions, study persistent traits (basic research)
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Social psychologists
explore how people influence on another, like group behavior or interpersonal interactions
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Industrial/Organizational psychologists
study and advise on behavior in the workplace, so like HR, job tests for applicants
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Applied research
study that aims to solve practical problems
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Counseling psychologists
help people with challenges like jobs and marriage problems
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Clinical psychologists
treat mental emotional and behavioral disorders
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Pshychiatrist
medical psychologists who can prescribe medication
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Environmental psychologist
study the effects of the environment on behavior
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Consumer psychologist
study behavior of shoppers to explain and predict behavior
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School psychologist
help students with learning problems, also give achievement and intelligence tests
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Forensic psychologist
work with the justice system to see if someone is stable enough to see if someone stands trial, deal with suicide/hostage threats, help hire police officers
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Health psychologist
study the link between psychology and our physical health
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Educational psychologist
studies and helps students AND teachers in school
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Evolutionary perspective
goes off of Darwinism, so behavioral and mental processes are adaptive for survival (think WIlliam-James)
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Cognitive perspective
ways in which people receive, process, retrieve, and store info, so how we see the world, how we react to different emotionally charged events (happy or sad events)
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Humanistic perspective
individual potential for growth and stress individual choice and free will, so people's choices, and how people seek self-actualization (realizing your own needs, what best serves you)
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Sociocultural perspective
focuses on how culture influences the way we think and act, varies by culture (examples are gender, race, and age)