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What is Biology?

The scientific study of life and living organisms.

Characteristics of Life

Order, sensitivity to stimuli, reproduction, adaptation, growth and development, homeostasis, and energy processing.

What are the levels of biological organization from smallest to largest?

Atoms, Molecules, Organelles, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organisms, Populations, Communities, Ecosystems, Biosphere.

Prokaryotic Cells

Simpler and smaller cells that lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Eukaryotic Cells

Larger and more complex cells that possess a true nucleus and various membrane-bound organelles.

Cellular Respiration

The process by which organisms convert glucose into ATP.

What is the general equation for cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP.

Photosynthesis

The process used by plants to convert light energy into chemical energy.

What is the general equation for photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 6H2O + Light Energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2.

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

The genetic material that carries instructions for an organism's development and function.

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

Nucleic acid involved in gene expression and protein synthesis.

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

The flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to Protein.

Mendelian Genetics

The study of how traits are passed from parents to offspring through genes and alleles.

Natural Selection

A mechanism of evolution where individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.

What are biotic factors in an ecosystem?

Living components such as producers, consumers, and decomposers.

What are abiotic factors in an ecosystem?

Non-living environmental components such as water, sunlight, temperature, and soil.

Food Chain

A linear sequence that shows a pathway of energy flow in an ecosystem.

Food Web

A complex network of interconnected food chains representing multiple feeding relationships.

Trophic Levels

The position an organism occupies in a food chain.