fnu 203 chapter 8 vocab

energy

in living organisms, power derived from sunlight or food to perform cellular work

cellular work

activities in cells requiring energy, such as building and transporting molecules

chemical pathways

specific chemical reactions that occur in sequences

cirrhosis of the liver

condition characterized by accumulation of scar tissue in the liver, which permanently damages the organ

aldehyde dehydrogenase

enzyme that helps convert acetaldehyde to acetate, a less toxic substance

microsomal ethanol- oxidizing system (MEOS)

secondary pathway for processing alcohol in the liver

acetaldehyde

highly toxic substance formed during 1st step of alcohol dehydrogenase pathway

blood alcohol concentration (BAC)

percentage that reflects the concentration of alcohol in the bloodstream

alcohol dehydrogenase pathway

catabolic pathway that metabolizes alcohol in the liver

gastric alcohol dehydrogenase

enzyme that detoxifies some alcohol while it is in the stomach

nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)

abnormal accumulation of fat in the liver that is not caused by alcohol consumption

ethanol

simple, two- carbon molecule that is more commonly called "alcohol"

standard drink

approximately 12 ounces of beer, 5 ounces of wine, or 1 and 1/2 ounces of liquor

nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)

process by which energy is expended during spontaneous physical activity, such as fidgeting

cortisol

catabolic hormone made in the adrenal cortex of the adrenal glands

lipogenesis

synthesis of fatty acids

ketogenic diet

high- fat, moderate to low protein, and very low carbohydrate

ketogenesis

ketone body formation

adaptive thermogenesis

process of energy dissipation as heat that occurs in mitochondria

ketoacidosis

condition that occurs in the absence of insulin when excess acetoacetate and beta- hydroxybutyrate in the bloodstream lower the blood's pH

glycogenesis

pathway that links glucose units together for storage as glycogen

hormone sensitive lipase (HSL)

enzyme in fat cells that remove the 3 fatty acids from a triglyceride

carnitine

molecule that helps fatty acids enter the mitochondria

oxaloacetate

four- carbon molecule that is an important intermediate of the citric acid cycle

electron transport chain (ETC)

linked series of enzymes that synthesize water and ATP during aerobic energy metabolism

cytochrome C

component of the electron transport chain

glycogenolysis

pathway that breaks down glycogen into glucose molecules

beta- oxidation

chemical pathway involved in the catabolism of a fatty acid

gluconeogenesis

synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors

lactic acid

compound formed from pyruvate during anaerobic metabolism

citric acid cycle

complex series of chemical reactions that are involved in energy metabolism

flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

riboflavin- containing coenzyme

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

high- energy phosphate compound that serves as energy "currency" of cells

adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

molecule that forms when ATP loses its last phosphate group during ATP catabolism

phosphorylation

anabolic reactions that attach a phosphate group to molecules like ADP

mitochondria

organelles that synthesize most of the ATP that cells need to function

aerobic metabolism

metabolic pathways for ATP production that require oxygen

anaerobic metabolism

metabolic pathways for ATP production that do not require oxygen

glycolysis

first phase of glucose catabolism

pyruvate

three- carbon molecule that results from breakdown of glucose during glycolysis

acetyl coenzyme A

two- carbon molecule formed from pyruvate

energy metabolism

sum of all the chemical pathways in the body that break down molecules to release energy and use energy to build new molecules

catabolism

metabolic pathways that break down larger molecules into smaller ones

anabolism

metabolic pathways that build larger molecules from smaller ones

coenzymes

organic compounds that assist enzymes with chemical reactions

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)

niacin- containing coenzyme