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energy
in living organisms, power derived from sunlight or food to perform cellular work
cellular work
activities in cells requiring energy, such as building and transporting molecules
chemical pathways
specific chemical reactions that occur in sequences
cirrhosis of the liver
condition characterized by accumulation of scar tissue in the liver, which permanently damages the organ
aldehyde dehydrogenase
enzyme that helps convert acetaldehyde to acetate, a less toxic substance
microsomal ethanol- oxidizing system (MEOS)
secondary pathway for processing alcohol in the liver
acetaldehyde
highly toxic substance formed during 1st step of alcohol dehydrogenase pathway
blood alcohol concentration (BAC)
percentage that reflects the concentration of alcohol in the bloodstream
alcohol dehydrogenase pathway
catabolic pathway that metabolizes alcohol in the liver
gastric alcohol dehydrogenase
enzyme that detoxifies some alcohol while it is in the stomach
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
abnormal accumulation of fat in the liver that is not caused by alcohol consumption
ethanol
simple, two- carbon molecule that is more commonly called "alcohol"
standard drink
approximately 12 ounces of beer, 5 ounces of wine, or 1 and 1/2 ounces of liquor
nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)
process by which energy is expended during spontaneous physical activity, such as fidgeting
cortisol
catabolic hormone made in the adrenal cortex of the adrenal glands
lipogenesis
synthesis of fatty acids
ketogenic diet
high- fat, moderate to low protein, and very low carbohydrate
ketogenesis
ketone body formation
adaptive thermogenesis
process of energy dissipation as heat that occurs in mitochondria
ketoacidosis
condition that occurs in the absence of insulin when excess acetoacetate and beta- hydroxybutyrate in the bloodstream lower the blood's pH
glycogenesis
pathway that links glucose units together for storage as glycogen
hormone sensitive lipase (HSL)
enzyme in fat cells that remove the 3 fatty acids from a triglyceride
carnitine
molecule that helps fatty acids enter the mitochondria
oxaloacetate
four- carbon molecule that is an important intermediate of the citric acid cycle
electron transport chain (ETC)
linked series of enzymes that synthesize water and ATP during aerobic energy metabolism
cytochrome C
component of the electron transport chain
glycogenolysis
pathway that breaks down glycogen into glucose molecules
beta- oxidation
chemical pathway involved in the catabolism of a fatty acid
gluconeogenesis
synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors
lactic acid
compound formed from pyruvate during anaerobic metabolism
citric acid cycle
complex series of chemical reactions that are involved in energy metabolism
flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
riboflavin- containing coenzyme
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
high- energy phosphate compound that serves as energy "currency" of cells
adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
molecule that forms when ATP loses its last phosphate group during ATP catabolism
phosphorylation
anabolic reactions that attach a phosphate group to molecules like ADP
mitochondria
organelles that synthesize most of the ATP that cells need to function
aerobic metabolism
metabolic pathways for ATP production that require oxygen
anaerobic metabolism
metabolic pathways for ATP production that do not require oxygen
glycolysis
first phase of glucose catabolism
pyruvate
three- carbon molecule that results from breakdown of glucose during glycolysis
acetyl coenzyme A
two- carbon molecule formed from pyruvate
energy metabolism
sum of all the chemical pathways in the body that break down molecules to release energy and use energy to build new molecules
catabolism
metabolic pathways that break down larger molecules into smaller ones
anabolism
metabolic pathways that build larger molecules from smaller ones
coenzymes
organic compounds that assist enzymes with chemical reactions
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)
niacin- containing coenzyme
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