Unit 8 - Ecology

local composition of species

The shift in the ________ in response to changes that occur over time.

Batesian

________ mimicry-** an animal that is harmless copies the appearance of an animal that is dangerous to trick predators.

NH3

The ________ in the environment is converted by bacteria into NO3 (nitrate), and this NO3 is taken up by plants and then eventually by animals to complete the nitrogen cycle.

Agonistic behaviors

________ can involve food, mates, and territory, to name only a few.

Müllerian mimicry

________-** two species that are aposematically colored as an indicator of their chemical defense mechanisms mimic each others color scheme in an effort to increase the speed with which their predators learn to avoid them.

bugs

For example, ________ are eaten by spiders, who are eaten by birds, who are eaten by cats.

Pheromones

________ can be powerful enough to attract mates from miles away.

error

Operant conditioning** a type of associative learning that is based on trial and ________.

Deceptive markings

________** can cause a predator to think twice before attacking.

N2

Denitrification-** the process by which bacteria themselves use nitrates and release ________ as a product.

Logistic growth

________:* the population grows at a rate that creates an S- shaped curve.

coloration pattern

The ________ is there in the hope that the predator will, in a trial- and- error fashion, associate the ________ with an uncomfortable chemical- spraying experience that it had in the past.

Inclusive fitness

________-** represents the overall ability of individuals to pass their genes on to the next generation.

Dominance hierarchies

________-** A(n) ________ among a group of individuals is a ranking of power among the members.

Taigas

________ contain coniferous forests (pine and other needle- bearing trees)

K

________*- selected populations:* populations of a roughly constant size whose members have low reproductive rates.

Rainforests

________ consist primarily of tall trees that form a thick cover, which blocks the light from reaching the floor of the forest (where there is little growth)

Savanna soil

________ tends to be low in nutrients, while temperatures tend to run high.

Birth rate

________- offspring produced per time period.

Pavlov

________ taught dogs to anticipate the arrival of food with the sound of a bell.

mutual evolution

Coevolution** ________ between two species and is often seen in predator- prey relationships.

Reproduction

________ by relatives is included because related individuals share many of the same genes.

Ivan Pavlov

________ demonstrated** classical conditioning,** a type of associative learning, with dogs.

Exponential growth

________:* the population grows at a rate that creates a J- shaped curve.