Biology Final Exam Notes

symbiosis

the term for a close relationship between two different species over a period of time

biomes

large geographic regions indentified by their climax vegetation and distinctive animal life

flowers the produce seeds covered by fruit

angiosperms refer to

transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma portion of the pistil

pollination refers to `

plumule

the part of a seed that develops into the stem and leaves of the plant

has disk and ray flowers

a composite flower is a flower that has

pistil

the elongated, vase-shaped structure at the center of a flower that receives pollen and produces seeds

2 cotlydons
branchy veins
pedals of 4 and 5
taproot

a plant that is a dicot is characterized by

petiole

the stalk of a leaf is called

cytoplasm

the fluid medium of the cell

mitochondria

the sausage-shaped organelles that serve as the "power plants" of the cell

nucleus

large, unusually spherical body near the center of the cell that serves as the cell's master control

ribosomes

small organelles that serve as the "protein factories" of the cell

cone cell

the cells of the retina that distinguish color and provide the sharpest vision

chepholopods
bivalves
gastropods

three groups of mollusks

segmented worms

earthworms, sea worms, and leeches are classified as

taproot

a type of root system in which small secondary roots branch from large straight primary root

root hairs

the tiny, tube like projections that extend from epidermal cells of a root and serve to absorb water and minerals

pectoralis major

the largest of the chest muscles, which serves to pull your arms forward (as when doing push ups)

ball and socket

the hip joint and shoulder joint are examples of

Conifers

Pinewoods, redwoods, and firs are examples of

Ulna and radius

The two long bones that compose the forearm

amino acids

proteins are composed of long chains of simpler molecules

cerebellum

the part of the brain that functions primarily to coordinate voluntary muscle activity

phloem

transport food downward from the leaves to the rest of the plant.

genes

in a scientific term such as Felis catus, the first work refers to the organism's what

cranial

the body cavity that contains the brain

tissue

a group of similar body cells that work together to accomplish the task of an organ

small intestine

the body's primary organ of digestion and absorption

carbs

the majority of the calories in the diet should come from

inter neurons

the type of neurons the relay signals between other neurons and process information in the central nervous system

Charles Darwin

british naturalist who wrote the "Origin of Species" and "Descent of Man"; proposed the hypothesis of evolution by natural selection

Carlos Linnaeus

Swedish naturalist who devised the scientific system of classification

Gregor Mendel

Austrian monk known as the father of the science of genetics

Louis Pasteur

French scientist who formulated the germ concept of disease

migration

annually moving to a different region

hypothesis

a tentative solution to a scientific problem

palentology

the study of fossils

lymph nodes

small, bean-shaped organs of the lymphatic system that serves as 'bases' and staging areas for white blood cells

caudal fin

the large fin at the rear of a fish that serves as the fish's propeller and rudder

swim bladder

the organ that allows a fish to adjust its buoyancy so that it can remain stationary at any given depth

head
thorax
abdomen

the three body regions of an insect

retina

the light-sensitive layer of the eye that detects the image and transmits it to the brain

arachnids

spiders, ticks, scorpions, and daddy longlegs are classified

orthoptera

the order of insects that includes grasshoppers, crickets, mantids, and roaches

uterus

the embryos of viviparous mammals develop in a special muscular organ

3

the heart of an amphibian has how many chambers

invertebrates

any animal without a backbone or notocord

cellular respiration

the process by which living cells produce energy by combining foods with oxygen

complete

an insect that begins life as a wormlike larva that forms a cocoon or chrysalis and emerges as a mature adult has what metamorphesis

bony and cartiligenious

two main groups of fish

Jacobson Organ

the organ that provides a snake with its keen sense of smell

poikilotherms

an animal that regulates its temperature by external factors, so that its temperature fluctuates with its surroundings

rodents

gnawing animals such as rates and squirrels

4 chambered heart
air sacs in the body cavity that function
respiration
warm blooded

3 charasterics of a bird

carnivores

wolves, tigers, and seals are

ruminants

animals which "chew the cud"

egg laying mammals
marsupials

the two groups of mammals that reproduce differently from ordinary placental mammals

natural selection

the idea that animals or plants well suited to their environment are generally more likely to survive that organisms poorly suited to their environment is called

Neanderthal man

the fossil that is considered to represent a true human

instinct

unlearned knowledge that an animal possesses from birth

gills

the organs on each side of the fish's head that allow the fish to extract oxygen from the water

amoeba

the protozoan that moves and engulfs prey by means of psuedopods

coelenterates

group of soft-bodied invertebrates that includes jellyfish, corals, and hydras

crocidilians

group of reptiles that include alligators, caimans, and gavials

echinoderms

group of invertebrates characterized by spiny skin, radial symmetry, and a water-vascular system

moullusks

group of invertebrates characterized by muscular foot, a visceral hump and a mantle

variety within kind has limits
natural selection acts to preserve existing kinds
transitional forms would be unfit to survive

natural selection cannot produce new kinds

alveoli

the tiny air chambers in the lungs that allow gasses to be exchanged between the air and the blood

plasma

the liquid portion of the blood

abortion

the killing of a child before birth

antibodies

Y-shaped protein of a child molecules produced by white blood cells that help fight infections

virus

tiny capsules of generic information that causes disease by reprogramming the machinery of living cells

pathogen

scientists refer to any organism that causes disease

hemoglobin

the iron-containing protein molecule found in red blood cells that enables the blood to transport oxygen

pituary gland

the "master gland" of the body, which produces growth hormone and gonadotropins

diaphragm

the thick sheet of muscle that forms the floor of the thoracic cavity and functions in breahing

epidermis
dermis
subcutaneous layer

the three layers of skin

nephrons

the working units of the kidneys that do the job of filtering waste from the blood

vascular tissue

xylem and phloem are examples of tissue