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Industrial Revolution Study Guide

Overview

• The Industrial Revolution was a period of significant technological, socioeconomic, and cultural change beginning in the late 18th century and continuing into the 19th century.

• It marked the transition from agrarian societies to industrialized ones, primarily in Britain before spreading to other parts of the world.

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Key Features

1. Technological Innovations

   • Development of steam engines (James Watt)

   • Introduction of machinery such as the spinning jenny and the power loom

   • Advancements in iron and steel production (Bessemer process)

2. Economic Impact

   • Shift from cottage industries to factory-based production

   • Rise of capitalism and the factory system

   • Increased productivity and mass production of goods

3. Social Changes

   • Urbanization: migration of populations to cities for factory jobs

   • Changes in labor: rise of wage labor and the working class

   • Emergence of labor movements and unions advocating for workers' rights

Important Figures

• James Watt: Improved the steam engine, boosting industrial productivity.

• Adam Smith: Economist known for his theories on capitalism and free markets (The Wealth of Nations).

• Factory Owners and Industrialists: Individuals who invested in industry, often leading to significant wealth gaps.

Consequences

• Positive: Economic growth, technological advancements, improved transportation (railroads/canals), increased availability of goods.

• Negative: Poor working conditions, child labor, environmental pollution, and social upheaval.

Summary

The Industrial Revolution was a transformative era that reshaped economies, societies, and industries, leading to profound changes in demographics, labor, and life standards that laid the groundwork for the modern world.