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Industrial Revolution Study Guide
Overview
The Industrial Revolution was a period of significant technological, socioeconomic, and cultural change beginning in the late 18th century and continuing into the 19th century.
It marked the transition from agrarian societies to industrialized ones, primarily in Britain before spreading to other parts of the world.
Key Features
Technological Innovations
Development of steam engines (James Watt)
Introduction of machinery such as the spinning jenny and the power loom
Advancements in iron and steel production (Bessemer process)
Economic Impact
Shift from cottage industries to factory-based production
Rise of capitalism and the factory system
Increased productivity and mass production of goods
Social Changes
Urbanization: migration of populations to cities for factory jobs
Changes in labor: rise of wage labor and the working class
Emergence of labor movements and unions advocating for workers' rights
Important Figures
James Watt: Improved the steam engine, boosting industrial productivity.
Adam Smith: Economist known for his theories on capitalism and free markets (The Wealth of Nations).
Factory Owners and Industrialists: Individuals who invested in industry, often leading to significant wealth gaps.
Consequences
Positive: Economic growth, technological advancements, improved transportation (railroads/canals), increased availability of goods.
Negative: Poor working conditions, child labor, environmental pollution, and social upheaval.
Summary
The Industrial Revolution was a transformative era that reshaped economies, societies, and industries, leading to profound changes in demographics, labor, and life standards that laid the groundwork for the modern world.