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A new era in migrations was promoted by the globalization of the economy and the availability of different modes of transportation.

Some workers who left their homelands, such as the Lebanon merchants in the United States or the Italian laborers in Argentina, could return to their native country.

The Irish settlers chose a permanent resettling as a relief from economic and political difficulties.

Forced and semi-coerced migration of people resulted in slavery, indentured servitude, and convict labor.

The exploitation of natural resources was linked to the desire for low- wage labor.

The demand for agricultural goods produced by enslaved workers was still increasing even after slavery was abolished in the 19th century.

European states recruited new laborers to work on plantations, where they produced enormous wealth that fueled industrial growth at home.

Chinese laborers migrated to California and British Malaya to work on railroads.

Japanese laborers migrated to Hawaii, Cuba, and other places to work on sugar plantations.

In the early 19th century, most countries in the Americas abolished the African slave trade.

The abolition of the slave trade did not increase the number of enslaved people in the United States.

The United States, Cuba, and Brazil were the last countries to abolish slavery in the Americas.

When slavery was abolished, imperial countries turned to other forms of coerced labor.

Many people became indentured as a way to pay for their transportation from a desperately poor community to one with more opportunity.

Some of the servants intended to work temporarily, earning money for their family, and then return home.

Between 1847 and 1874, the British, French, Dutch, and Spanish imported hundreds of thousands of Chinese workers to their colonies in Southeast Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean.

They were unskilled laborers who were exploited as slaves to make ends meet.

The media of the time criticized the system as a new form of slavery and brought the treatment of them to the attention of the public.

Congress banned the contract Asia labor trade in the United States in 1862 and Portugal ended it in 1874 under international pressure.

China and Spain signed a treaty in 1877 that ended the contracts of Chinese workers in Cuba.

Most of the labor was done for free settlers and they worked on government projects such as road and railway building.

After a prescribed number of years of service, the majority of convicts are released.

Most of the people decided to stay in Australia because transportation back home was expensive.

In the 19th century, New Caledonia was a penal colony for both convicts and political prisoners.

Devil's Island continued to hold prisoners after the French stopped transporting convicts.

Between the 16th and 19th centuries, millions of people were forced to emigrate because of the African slave trade.

Indians were sent to Mauritius as indentured laborers by the British in order to replace slaves on sugar plantations.

In the 19th century, Indians worked on plantations in British and French islands in the Caribbean.

Many of them renewed their contracts and decided to stay permanently, accepting a piece of land or a lump sum instead of returning to India.

Before Britain abolished the indenture system in 1916, over 1.5 million Indians were shipped to colonies in Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, and Oceania.

The gold rushes in California, South Australia, and western Canada in the 19th century started the Chinese diaspora.

Many Chinese left China as indentured laborers because they paid their own way.

Men were the majority of Chinese emigrants who planned to return to China.

The first Opium War made it easier for the Chinese to leave Southeast Asia.

Most of the Chinese migrated to the Americas, Europe, Australia, or New Zealand after the middle of the century.

The illustration depicts people suffering in southwest Ireland during the Great Famine.

More than half of them went to other countries in Europe, with the rest going to North and South America, Australia, and New Zealand.

In a society where land was divided over generations, it was difficult for farmers to make a living.

Canada, South Africa, Australia, or New Zealand are some of the countries where most people who moved abroad permanently went.

Andrew Geddes Bain moved to Cape Town, South Africa, in 1816.

Bain moved on to a career in geological studies after working on eight major roads.

Both public works and private industrial projects were collaborated on by people from Europe and the colonies.

The British who settled in Argentina during the 19th century were not trying to escape poverty or persecution, unlike most people who emigrate to make a new life for themselves.

They developed the export trade in agricultural products, built railroads and other infrastructure, and imported luxuries that appealed to the growing Argentine middle class.

At the same time, many young Japanese men were leaving Japan to study in the United States, congregating mostly in such cities as San Francisco, Portland, and Seattle on the West Coast.

As immigrants arrived in America, the anti-immigration sentiment toward Japanese people became more pronounced.

Improvements in transportation technology allowed some who migrated for work to return to their home societies for a period of time or permanently.

Thousands of Japanese went to other destinations in the South Pacific under similar contracts.

Italian immigrants were so important to the economic and cultural development of Argentina that the city of Mendoza built a monument to them.

Industrial workers from Italy had similar arrangements for working in Argentina and then returning home.

Since most industry was located in urban areas, both internal and external migrants often settled in cities, which increased in size and influence around the globe.

Irish people wanted to work in canal building, lumbering, and civil construction.

Africa, Americas, and Europe were administered through a triangular trade system.

Europeans needed slaves to cultivate cotton, rice, and tobacco on plantations along the southern coast, in the Caribbean, and elsewhere.

Irish people wanted to work in canal building, lumbering, and civil construction.

Africa, Americas, and Europe were administered through a triangular trade system.

Europeans needed slaves to cultivate cotton, rice, and tobacco on plantations along the southern coast, in the Caribbean, and elsewhere.

Many historians argue that the decision of many Christians to emigrate from the mountain was stirred by the emergence of a middle class and the fear of being drafted into the Ottoman army.

Having grown in relative prosperity, these peasants were facing limitations that threatened to send them economically a few steps backward.

Shrinking inheritance and rising land prices combined to make the economic future bleak.

Although some villagers migrate to neighboring cities on a seasonal basis, these areas have limited opportunities as they are experiencing their own economic crises.

The drawbacks made a number of peasants look for other ways out of their dilemma, such as how to make enough money quickly to guarantee their status as landowners and not slip back into the ranks of the landless laborers.

The Industrial Revolution was the foundation for the rapid and profound changes experienced around the world from 1750 to 1900.

Indian indentured servants brought to work on sugar plantations in the Caribbean and Chinese laborers brought to complete the transcontinental railroad in the United States were examples of laborers from particular ethnic groups.

Women who took on the roles once filled by men brought about change in migrants' home societies.

The Chinese Exclusion Act was the first major U.S. federal legislation that stopped immigration to a specific ethnic group.

Migrant laborers were more likely to be male than female, so in some places their migration led to a shift in gender roles in the societies they left.

If the amount of money was large, women often reduced their hours working outside the home and spent more time with family responsibilities while also exercising considerable decision-making power over how the money was spent.

Under colonial rule, the Chinese who migrated to Southeast Asia thrived.

If the amount of money was large, women often reduced their hours working outside the home and spent more time with family responsibilities while also exercising considerable decision-making power over how the money was spent.

Almost all of them were male, and 80 Chinese were sent to Cuba to work on sugar plantations in the last half of the 19th century.

In cigarette culture around the world, other Chinese in Cuba were employed as servants.

The Chinese who migrated to Southeast Asia helped build the railroad and worked in the mines.

In Malaya, opium farms were used to grow rice, beans, sugar, and other crops.

Between 1886 and 1901, nearly 30,000 indentured Indian workers went to Kenya to work on railroad construction, but only about 7,000 chose to stay.

Gandhi became a leader in the Indian nationalist movement against British rule after returning to India in 1914.

India was the main source of labor for the British Southeast Asian colonies.

About 6 million Indians migrated to Southeast Asia before the kangani system was abolished.

They have created a unique culture with migrants from other parts of the world, affecting national cuisines, film, and music.

Most Irish who came to North America were descendants of Scots who had migrated to Ireland before the American Revolution.

Irish immigrants who came to the United States after the American Revolution settled in northern cities.

Half of the 3 million Irish who fled Ireland during the Great Famine came to North America.

The wave of Irish immigrants faced many difficulties, not the least of which was the anti-Catholic sentiment in the United States.

The Irish in the United States spread their culture through their lively dance music and holiday traditions.

Italy was attracted to Argentina's large amount of fertile land because it was underpopulated.

In Argentina, agricultural workers could earn five to ten times more than in Italy.

The cost of living in Buenos Aires was lower than in many rural Italian provinces.

In the United States and Australia, native-born residents resented immigrants from China who were willing to work for lower wages.

The state, counties, municipalities, and public works were not allowed to hire Chinese workers in 1879 because of provisions in the revised constitution.

It encouraged cities and towns to separate Chinese residents from the rest of the population.

Most of the time, people worked as truck farmers, shopkeepers, or manufacturers rather than as laborers in the mines or railroads.

Several thousand white miners attacked the Chinese on June 30, 1861, plundering their dwellings.

After the gold rushes, the Chinese in Australia turned to other sources of income, such as gardening, trade, furniture making, fishing, and pearl diving.

Although the number of Chinese in Australia was declining, they were becoming more visible and concentrated in the two largest cities.

The new parliament took action to limit non-British immigration after six separate British colonies in Australia united under a single centralized government in 1901.

The availability, affordability, and variety of both capital and consumer goods increased because of the manufacturing capacity of industrialized nations.

Increased migration, the rise of independence movements within the colonies, and increased political and economic rivalry among Western European nations caused catastrophic events in the early 20th century.

Textile, home furnishings, clothing, and porcelain were some of the consumer goods that increased output because of this efficiency.

Increased global industrial production led to greater competition for consumer and capital goods.

One way to measure standard of living is by looking at wages adjusted for inflation.

In the early years of the Industrial Revolution, some studies show that real wages grew slowly, but after 1819 the pace of growth accelerated, and between 1819 and 1852 they doubled.

pollution, crowded cities, and the costs of wars were some of the problems that were offset by the rise in income.

The desire to increase exports caused both economic and political rivalries among industrialized countries as businesses sought out new international customers and enlisted their government's assistance to open previously closed markets.

GDP is a measure of the total amount of goods and services produced by a country.

Coal and iron were imported from sources in Africa, Southeast Asia, and Latin America.

The benefits of controlling trade and resources of other areas of the world were seen by industrialized countries such as Western Europe, the U.S., and Japan.

European countries created colonies in the Western Hemisphere and in the Indian Ocean during the previous era.

Imperial powers introduced cash crops that made them vulnerable to natural disasters and volatile markets.

In this era, states and people in regions that had previously been able to resist European colonization were dominated by Western powers.

China, the most dynamic civilization in previous eras, succumbed to the domination of Western and Japanese imperialists.

The technological advances associated with the Industrial Revolution allowed Western powers to achieve this level of dominance.

Western European nations were able to assert control over the other regions thanks to advances in military technology.

The former Spanish and Portuguese colonies in South America became independent states in the early 1800s.

The seeds of resistance and rebellion that would lead to new nation-states took root as western imperialism took hold in other parts of the world.

In South Asia, Indian soldiers rose up in revolt against the British East India Company.

The nationalism of the post-World War II period would be led by these early independence movements.

Immigrants looking for economic opportunity left many European countries and settled in the United States and Canada, often making up a large proportion of the industrial workforce.

Immigrants who signed contracts to travel to areas to work for a prescribed period of time, pay back the cost of their transport, and then either settle in these areas or return to their homelands can choose to do so.

The middle and upper class of the world's population increased their wealth as a result of global capitalism, while the working class of the world's industrial economies were forced to compete for jobs with immigrants from nonindustrial countries.

In the 19th century, the European powers believed that colonies were needed to build a modern economy.

As the struggles of the workers began to take a toll, some historians focused on the costs of imperialist wars.

Governments were pressured to take over underdeveloped nations because of the capital that was in the hands of a few profit-seeking capitalists.

The justification was based on the needs of a growing population or hopes for quick profits, but those supporting this greed for territorial acquisition did not consider the political and economic costs.

Historians living in an age of globalization studied the roots of the world economy.

He described a dynamic system of two main regions, with the core including highly developed nations that accumulated capital and demanded resources and markets from under- or less developed regions.

The means by which peripheral states became incorporated into the world economy was called colonialism.

Politics and culture can vary within the world economy, so nations could move to the core or the other way around at some point.

Evaluate the extent to which historical evidence supports colonization as a factor in European economic growth.

After you analyze the task, gather and organize evidence, and develop an effective thesis statement, the hard work in writing a long essay is behind you.

Writing an introduction that serves as a template for the rest of the essay and casts the topic in a broader historical perspective is the most challenging task left.

The framework or limits of the topic as well as a clear and defensible claim are conveyed in a good introduction.

The organizational pattern and reasoning process that will unfold in the rest of the essay is suggested by the introduction.

The topic of the prompt is related to broader historical events, developments, or processes that occur before, during, or after the time frame of the question.

Smokestacks and ships laden with raw materials for industry became commonplace as a result of the new global capitalist economy.

Patterns of migration from the countryside to the city and from one country to another were affected by industrialization.

Many countries still face challenges today because of the different social conditions brought about by these changes.

New empires emerged in the Americas and Asia in the 17th century after some European powers suffered a decrease in influence.

As resistance to imperialist powers increased, nationalist movements emerged throughout South America, Africa, and Asia.

Evaluate the extent to which internal factors influenced the process of state building during that era.

African and Indian peoples had differing opinions about Europe's role in Africa and India.

Working people in the Americas, Australia, and Africa began moving into urban centers and across borders as the economy grew from 1750 to 1900, but they had the same motivation as their ancestors.

You should respond to the prompt with a historically defensible thesis or claim that establishes a line of reasoning.

Evaluate the extent to which state formation and contraction around the world was influenced by imperialism.

You should respond to the prompt with a historically defensible thesis or claim that establishes a line of reasoning.

An argument about the prompt should include at least one additional piece of specific historical evidence.

Explain how or why the document's point of view, purpose, historical situation, and/or audience is relevant to an argument.

The proposal to remove members of the Cherokee nation and other Native American tribes from their traditional lands and relocate them to Oklahoma was made by President Andrew Jackson in 1835.

The plan to remove the aboriginal people from the settled areas of the United States to the country west of the Mississippi River approaches its use.

An extensive region in the West has been assigned for their permanent residence after discharge of this duty.

The Emperor of China agrees that the British Subjects should have a port where they can careen their ships for repair and keep their stores for that purpose.

Hindus and Muslims in northern India are being ruined by the tyranny and oppression of the infidel and the English.

To stake their lives and property for the well-being of the public is a bounden duty of the wealthy people of India.

I am the grandson of Bahadur Shah and I want to destroy the infidels residing in the eastern part of the country.

In June 1858, Sir George Grey, governor of the British Cape Colony, received a letter from the Chief of the Basutos.

Sir George Napier, one of the Governors of the Colony, marked down my limits on a treaty he made with me.

The British Queen Victoria was asked to investigate my case and remove the line that had ruined my land.

The Treaty of Shimonoseki was signed by the Empire of Japan and the Qing Dynasty of China.

The 20th century was a time of great social and political change that resulted in tension and division.

People and states challenged existing political and social orders, while new technologies and scientific advancement enabled the two world wars to be more destructive.

The stage for shifting powers throughout the 20th century was set by challenges to existing states and political establishments.

New political experiments such as communism emerged in Russia, China, and elsewhere as long-established states such as the Ottoman Empire dissolved.

The United States, Japan, and China were involved in the First World War because of the power of nationalism and traditional rivalries.

The understanding of the universe and the natural world was changed in the 20th century by rapid advances in technology.

Better access to information, longer lives, and opportunities to find meaningful work were all brought about by the advancement of communication, transportation, industry, agriculture, and medicine.

The Holocaust during World War II was brought about by the intentional destruction of entire ethnic or religious groups of people.

The deaths of millions of people were caused by the policies of the totalitarian government under Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union.

The Chinese Communists invaded Poland before the start of World War II.

Nicholas II, the last Russian tsar, was assassinated in 1918 by the political opposition to his rule.

In the first two decades of the 20th century, rebellions against authoritarian governments erupted in Russia, China, and Mexico.

Russia fell behind most of Europe, the United States, and Japan in wealth in the early 20th century.

It was slow to expand education for peasants, build roads and other parts of its transportation networks, and support entrepreneurs with loans and contracts.

Russia lost the Crimean War against the Ottoman Empire because it lacked a strong economic base to support a military.

Thousands of workers petitioned the tsar for better working conditions, higher wages, and universal suffrage.

It was the first time in modern history that an East Asian state had defeated a European power.

From Europe to the United States to Japan, people worried that communists were a danger to their governments.

In the 19th century, China faced domestic concerns that weakened support for the government.

Between the mid-1700s and mid-1800s, China experienced rapid population growth, but could not expand the amount of farmland or productivity quickly enough to provide a stable food supply.

For much of its recorded history, China was one of the wealthiest, most powerful, most innovative states in the world.

Chinese fashions, table settings, and art objects were very popular in Europe.

Sun believed that China should follow Confucian principles of loyalty, respect for ancestors, and efforts to promote social harmony despite being a Christian.

It would rule China for two decades before losing a civil war with the Chinese Communists.

Some Young Turks blamed the empire's economic problems on the people of Armenia.

Foreign investors, particularly from the United States, were allowed to control many of the country's resources.

The goals of land redistribution, universal speach, and public education were included.

Marx's methods can be used to destroy inequalities of wealth, and a class war can be advocated to do so.

He said that some top-down reforms imposed by government or elite leaders brought more lasting social change than the political revolutions he described.

In the years before World War I, social and political developments, including shifting powers, contributed to the rise of tensions.

A series of alliances committed nations to defense systems that would lead to war.

The growth of nationalism and appeals for self-rule within European colonies in Asia and Africa was encouraged by it.

Austria-Hungary demanded that the Serbian government end all anti-Austrian protests immediately after the assassinations.

Austria Hungary declared war on Serbia after the Serbian government rejected the ultimatum.

On August 6 Austria and Britain declared war on Russia and Germany, respectively.

By the end of August 1914, Japan's entry into the conflict changed a relatively minor incident into a true world war.

The acronym MAIN: Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, and Nationalism can be used to remember the sources of these tensions.

The public was influenced by a nation's militaristic attitude to view war as a game rather than a serious matter.

Western European countries scrambled for land in Africa to add to their colonies in Asia, the Americas, and the Pacific during the last half of the 19th century.

After European powers claimed nearly all the land in Africa, they began fighting over colonies.

The assassination of the archduke in June 1914 shows the growth of nationalism as the final cause of the Great War.

Arabs were tired of being limited by the Ottoman Empire and Serbs wanted to rid their land of Austro-Hungarian domination.

The right to form an independent nation-state should be given to people of the same ethnicity, language, culture, and political ideals.

The maps of Europe and the Middle East were redrawn after the fall of the Ottoman empire.

The former Ottoman provinces of Iraq, Palestine, Syria, and Lebanon were taken over by Britain and France.

Germany's military culture developed a constellation of mutually reinforcing characteristics.

In war, these characteristics propelled the army to even greater levels of violence.

There was a belief that the only goal of war was to destroy it, resulting in prescriptions for correct fighting that greatly increased casualties.

Peace and friendship will be promised by the High Contracting Parties and they will not enter into an alliance or engagement against any of their States.

They promise one another mutual support within the limits of their own interests when they exchange ideas on political and economic questions of a general nature.

If a Great Power does not sign the Treaty, the states of one of the High Contracting Parties should be forced to make war against it, and the two others should observe towards their Ally a benevolent neutrality.

Each of them has the right to take part in the war if it sees fit to make a common cause with its Ally.

If the peace of any of the High Contracting Parties is at risk due to the circumstances foreseen by the preceding articles, the High Contracting Parties will have to take military measures with a view to eventual cooperation.

None of the previous wars had killed as many people as the one that involved many nations from different parts of the world.

The British Army began to recruit men who already knew each other because they realized patriotism could be contagious.

Wartime assemblies sounded like high school pep rallies, in which speakers naively predicted swift and easy victories in battles against inferior enemies.

As the war dragged on, the world became aware of the horrible effects of war technology and tactics, such as trench warfare, poison gas, machine guns, submarines, airplanes, and tanks.

Combatant nations dug hundreds of miles of trenches and soldiers fought in them for months at a time.

The economic ties between the United States and the Allies were one of the reasons why the U.S. entered the war in 1917.

Many Americans believed that the Allied nations were more democratic than the Central Powers.

Millions of civilians, including women, worked in war materials factories.

Governments spent a lot of money on army and navy recruitment campaigns.

The use of highly emotional and often misleading information fomented hatred and bitterness across borders, among civilians as well as soldiers.

Artists were sent by the U.S. government to Europe to illustrate scenes of battle for the benefit of Allied soldiers.

The United States and Great Britain used art and media to appeal to nationalist feelings in the early 20th century.

The Global War was fought in Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.

Colonies in Asia, Africa, the Americas, and the Pacific were the major battlefields of World War I. Japan entered the war on the side of the Allies so that it could take control of German colonies in the Pacific.

More than one million soldiers served in the Indian Army during the war in Europe and Southwest Asia.

More than half a million Africans, mostly from West Africa and Algeria, were included in the French Army.

The French army had over 50,000 support roles for the 44,000 Indochinese soldiers who fought in it.

The British promised self-rule after the war if they were victorious, so Arabs fought with the Allies.

Women's lives changed a lot because of the sheer number of men enlisted.

Thousands of women served on the front lines as nurses, ambulance drivers, and switchboard operators.

Russia, Serbia, Romania, and Bulgaria allowed women to serve in combat.

The Italians walked out of the peace conference because they didn't get the territories they were promised, including the city of Fiume on the Adriatic Sea.

President Wilson's pledge to establish "peace without victory" reflected his belief that no one country should be punished more than others.

Out of all the Allies at the conference, he believed that France had suffered the most and deserved protection from Germany.

Wilson was an unrealistic idealist who was naive about European relations even though he had a PHD in history.

David Lloyd George often acted as a bridge between the two different points of view.

The conquered peoples should have the right to decide their own political fate instead of the colonies and territories of the Central Powers being snatched up by the Allies.

The Treaty of Versailles punished Germany harshly because Wilson failed to convince France and Britain not to.

During the decade following World War I, the terms of the treaty caused tremendous hardship to the nation.

In 1914, after hearing of German atrocities toward Belgians, the British government undertook its own investigation, headed up by a well-known scholar, a former ambassador to the United States, and a friend of President Wilson.

The committee decided to leave out the most sensational accounts in order to make the report credible.

If the Committee failed to record the conclusions as fully established by the evidence, they would be doing less than their duty.

Murder, lust, and pillage prevailed over many parts of Belgium on a scale unparalleled in any war between civilized nations during the last three centuries.

Unemployment, hunger, and homelessness increased as people turned to their governments for help.

President Roosevelt identified activities that undermined the economy and could lead to war as the United States became more liberal.

In Russia, the government instituted economic control through the implementation of Five- Year Plans.

The Allied nations lost millions of citizens, both soldiers and civilians, and spent a lot of money on the international conflict.

The countries that emerged from the break up of Austria-Hungary suffered even greater losses.

The Treaty of Versailles forced Germany to pay billions of dollars in compensation to the war's victors.

France and Britain were unable to repay wartime loans from the United States because of Germany's inability to pay their debts.

The United States' stock market crash in 1929 was one of the main causes of the global economic downturn.

The economies of Africa, Asia, and Latin America were hurt by the economic downturn because they depended on imperial nations.

Between 1929 and 1931, Japan's exports were cut in half due to the economic decline in the rest of the world.

"The Protectionist Temptation: Lessons from the Great Depression for Today" was written by Barry Eichengreen and Douglas Irwin.

After the United States entered World War II in 1941, the Great Depression ended and the country ran up huge deficits for military spending.

It started in the industrialized countries of the United States and Europe, but then spread to other parts of the world.

The decline in international trade was made worse by the fact that nations imposed strict tariffs on imports to protect their domestic jobs.

In the first two decades of the century, rebellions erupted against authoritarian governments in Mexico, China, and Russia.

Peasants began to ration their food after factory workers went on strike.

Peasants were forced by the state to work on a specific collective and were expected to follow detailed plans to reach their goals.

The Mexican political system has been called a "corporatist" since the ruling party claimed to give preferential treatment to its people.

His regime nationalized the country's oil industry, angering foreign investors.

The interwar period did not see dramatic changes in Mexico's social hierarchy.

Other political parties, protests, and independent trade unions were suppressed by fascist regimes.

Italy received very little territory from the Treaty of Versailles, despite being considered one of the victors at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference.

Mussolini and his allies in the Fascist Party were able to take control of the parliament despite the general bitterness of the 1920s.

The League of Nations imposed sanctions on Italy for crossing the border from Somaliland to Abyssinia.

Mussolini and Hitler formed an alliance in order to dominate Europe.

Two systems of ideas battled for control of Spain after the economic decline of the early 1930s.

Conservative forces in Spain, such as the Catholic Church and high-ranking members of the military, were opposed to the changes that the Popular Front promised.

The nations of Europe signed a non-intervention agreement, but Hitler, Mussolini of Italy, and Antonio Salazar of Portugal contributed to the Nationalists.

The Soviet Union, Britain, the United States, and France contributed to the Loyalists.

The Nationalist side probably wouldn't have prevailed against the Republic of Spain if it weren't for the help of Germany, Italy, and Portugal.

The painting brilliantly depicts the violence of modern warfare and is one of the most significant works of 20th-century art.

The Spanish Civil War ended when Franco's forces defeated the Loyalist army.

Germany, Italy, and Japan were helped by the Spanish government during World War II.

Brazil was considered Latin America's "sleeping giant" because of its slow shift from an agricultural to an industrial economy during the interwar years.

Members of the urban middle class were frustrated by the large landowners who dominated the nation's economy.

There was a bloodless 1930 coup, or illegal seizure of power, in which Getulio Vargas was installed as president.

While Brazil's industrial sector grew rapidly, it began to strip away individual political freedoms.

The Brazilian government did not rely on violence to achieve or maintain control, unlike European fascists.

Brazil sided with the Allies in World War II even though it had close economic ties with the United States and Germany.

The people of Brazil wanted a more democratic nation after World War II.

It has been repeated ad nauseam that the oil industry has brought additional capital to the country.

Oil companies have enjoyed a lot of privileges throughout the major period of their existence.

Potential wealth of the Nation; miserably underpaid native labor; tax exemptions; economic privileges; governmental tolerance--these are the factors of the boom of the Mexican oil industry.

These organizations, whether authorized by the Government or not, are charged with innumerable outrages, abuses, and murders, always on behalf of the companies that employ them.

The permanent state of affairs in which the country sees its industrial progress held back by those who hold in their hands the power to erect obstacles needed to be ended.

If you want the public to see you, you need to hang at least 100 notorious kulaks, the rich, and the bloodsuckers.

This needs to be accomplished in a way that people for hundreds of miles around will see, tremble, know and scream out: let's choke and kill those kulaks.

My Government considers that it is the consistent friend of reform, that it has every sympathy with misfortune and need, and that it recognizes the necessities of the under-privileged.

Every nation has the power to regulate its internal affairs, to reorganize when needed, and to achieve social ends by conforming to law.

The Government of Mexico suggests that whenever special conditions or circumstances occur in any one country, that country is entitled to expect all the other nations of the world to accept a change in the settled rules and principles of law.

After World War I, unresolved disputes over the control of land continued to linger.

Britain and the other Allies prospered because of the war materials and agricultural products the United States sold to them.

While nationalist movements had been going on for decades in colonies in South Asia and West Africa, the war renewed their hopes for independence.

The French were able to put down the revolt thanks to a great effort and loss of life on both sides.

The League of Nations mandate system allowed France and Britain to take control of the Middle Eastern lands that had been part of the Ottoman Empire.

German territories and spheres of influence in East Asia and the Pacific were handed over to victorious nations of World War I. Wilson refused to meet with a group of Vietnamese nationalists, including a young Ho Chi Minh, who wanted to speak with him about self-determination for Vietnam.

In colonies scattered across the southern rim of Asia and in parts of Africa, this rejection fueled stronger nationalist movements.

After World War I, the seeds of African, Arab, and Asian nationalism were sown.

The results of the peace conference insulted the Mandate System Arab rebels.

France, Great Britain, and Japan were able to increase their imperial holdings through a new form of colonization.

The German colony of Cameroon was divided and transferred to France and Britain as separate mandates.

The League of Nations mandates include Palestine, Transjordan, Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq.

After the Allied victory in the Great War, European Jews moved to Palestine, which Britain controlled.

In the spring of 1919, a group of Indian nationalists gathered in a public garden in Amritsar, Punjab, to protest the arrest of two freedom fighters.

Moderate members of the Indian National Congress were convinced that independence from Britain was the only way forward.

He believed that these actions would expose the injustice of Britain's imperial system and stir the consciousness of the empire and the international community.

British authorities made it illegal for Indians to make their own sea salt.

Britain wanted a monopoly on salt, which was easy to make in the tropical country.

Gandhi led thousands of Indians to the Arabian Sea and picked up a few grains of salt in defiance of Britain.

The leaders of the independence movement disagreed about how to define India's national identity.

The interwar years were critical for the anticolonial movement because independence for India and Pakistan did not come until after World War II.

East Asia Korea, China, and Japan had not been colonized by Europe, but they did suffer from European domination.

Great Britain and France supported Japan at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919.

He allied with Mao's forces to free China from foreign domination, and he was devoted to full independence and industrialization.

For several years Mao and the Chinese Communist Party trained in hiding in China's interior.

It traveled through mountains, deep marshes, and extremely dry deserts.

While the Communists retreated on the Long March, the Nationalists continued to rule much of China.

In 1935, the Nationalists and Communists in China stopped their civil war to unite against Japan.

Japan invaded Manchuria in northern China in 1931 in order to get access to natural resources on the Asian mainland.

The railway owned by Japan was attacked by either Chinese dissidents or Japanese soldiers.

The year World War II ended, Japan continued to expand its empire.

The Philippines, the Dutch East Indies, British Malaya, and numerous Pacific islands were seized.

The people of Africa were disappointed that their colonies did not achieve independence after World War I. African intellectuals were taught to recognize the discrimination taking place in their homelands.

If they were not self-employed attorneys or doctors, most members of the educated elite worked for the colonial government.

Some strikers won a number of their demands through a compromise settlement after they protested wage and benefit policies.

The League of Nations is the general staff of the counter-revolutionary camp of international capitalism and imperialism.

They have increased their military forces in order to kill the Vietnamese revolution, prepare for a new imperialist war in the Pacific, suppress the Chinese revolution, and attack the Soviet Union because they help the exploited working class.

This declaration is made on the strength of five thousand years of history as an expression of the devotion and loyalty of twenty million people.

We have been living in one corner of the world for several decades and have to ask ourselves what the level of our national strength is.

Civil unrest occurred in Italy and Germany due to economic instability.

After World War I, the Italian economy went into a downturn that led to the rise of fascists in Italy.

After World War I, the peace settlement placed unsustainable economic and political terms on Germany and instituted territorial distributions that took away resources and caused resentment among the German population.

The ideology associated with Italian fascists and militarism spread to Germany, where Hitler and the Nazis adopted it.

His extreme views on the superiority of the Aryan race and his vision of a great German civilization led him to persecution of Jews and other minorities.

Under the Treaty of Versailles, the new German government had to pay billions in war compensation, but it was not allowed to have an army.

The Weimar Republic was unpopular during the Great Depression because it appeared weak to the Germans.

The Weimar Republic was seen as too weak to solve the country's problems by many Germans, so they looked to right-wing political parties that promised strong action.

The German people were made to believe that they were in a state of emergency by the Nazi Party.

Hitler banned all other political parties and all forms of resistance to his rule because of domestic security.

Hitler accused German Jews of being responsible for the nation's domestic problems.

The only way for Germany to live up to its potential was to eliminate the corrupting influence of the Jews according to Hitler.

Laws were passed in Eastern European nations that discriminated against Jewish citizens.

Both countries needed military support, as well as their political ideology and economic interests.

Hitler's campaign to destroy Germany's Jews predated his land grabs in Europe.

The entire operation was engineered by Nazi leaders, despite the fact that it appeared to be a sudden burst of outrage on the part of the Germans.

The riots resulted in the deaths of more than 90 German Jews and the destruction of nearly every synagogue in Germany.

Most of the prisoners were released on orders to leave Germany and not given the option to stay in the concentration camp.

He broke the treaty when he announced the creation of a German air force and a policy of compulsory military service.

The Austrian Nazis opened the door for German troops to occupy Austria without resistance.

Most of the people who lived in this region spoke German, and Hitler argued that the area was an extension of his Aryan empire.

The British were not willing to stand up to Hitler's illegal land grabs, which led to him seizing control of all of Czechoslovakia with an armed invasion in 1939.

Hitler was only looking for an excuse to invade Poland, despite Germany's historical claims to the port.

Britain agreed to protect Poland from a German attack after reaching the end of its policy of appeasement.

By the time Germany invaded Poland in 1939, Japan had already been fighting against Korea and China for more than 50 years.

The people of the United States have been through a lot in the past few months and there is a chance that danger will come slowly or with a rush.

This perception of danger, danger in a world-wide area--it has come to us clearly and overwhelmingly--we perceive the peril in a world wide arena, an arena that may become so narrowed that only the Americas will retain the ancient faiths.

One way that German society changed after 1900 is described at the Reich Party Congress of Freedom.

The call to intense nationalism was part of a concerted policy that used all forms of communication to mobilize the population.

During the conflict, daily life was dominated by appeal to ideological beliefs and minimized resistance to militarism.

With the military in control of the government, Japan harbored ambitions that would lead to a world war.

The takeover of land in Manchuria in a state called Manchukuo was an early effort in this drive.

Southeast Asia, which had been under the control of imperial powers in Western Europe and the United States, was the most obvious target.

The United States imposed economic sanctions on China because of its occupation.

Hitler moved quickly to acquire territory after war broke out in Europe.

When they signed the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, Germany and the Soviets planned to divide the country.

Hitler was encouraged to attack and conquer the Netherlands, Belgium, and France in the month of April 1940, after Germany's rapid success in Poland.

Britain asked the United States for help because they were afraid it would be the next victim in Germany's campaign.

The abandonment of the use of force, the restoration of self-government to those deprived of it, and the disarming of aggressor nations were included in the charter.

German sea and land forces could mount a successful invasion if bombardment from the air was enough to weaken the country.

The British military was able to rebuild after the earlier raids on its bases because of the targeting of cities.

The Nazis captured large amounts of territory and two million Soviet troops quickly.

The Philippines, the Dutch East Indies, British Malaya, and numerous Pacific islands were seized by Japan.

The damage to the U.S. Pacific Fleet caused Japan to believe that the United States would negotiate a favorable settlement.

U.S. isolationism disappeared overnight as public opinion demanded a response to Japan.

Western colonies joined the Allies in the war effort as the powers of the Axis expanded.

The bulk of the Indian Army's troops fought against the Japanese in Southeast Asia.

The United States started with the strongest industrial sector of any country in the world and added stringent government planning to provide factories what they needed.

The United States increased production of resources needed for war, including ships, tanks, planes, landing craft, radar equipment, guns, and bullets.

Women found more opportunities to work in factories and offices with the enlistment of large numbers of men in the armed forces.

The U.S. government promoted the art of "Rosie the Riveter" to encourage women to work in jobs that were once thought to be for men.

Forced labor was used in concentration camps instead of all available citizens in the war effort.

Despite political differences, the three nations were united in their determination to achieve a military victory.

Japan's supply lines were severely damaged when 55 percent of the Japanese merchant fleet was sunk.

The fall of Mussolini was caused by the Allies gaining control of the island of Sicily in July 1943.

Germany's defeat was drawing closer as control of Western Europe slipped away.

After taking control of Warsaw, Poland, in January 1945, the Soviets moved on to Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria.

Hitler hid in a fortified underground shelter in Berlin during the final days of the war.

Germany's High Command acknowledged that continuing the war would be futile after Hitler's death.

The U.S. prepared to attack the Japanese mainland after taking the islands of Iwo Jima and Okinawa.

Japan's hold on the Pacific was weakened by the island-hopping campaign, but the emperor was not ready to give up.

The costs of invading the Japanese homeland were beginning to be considered by the United States.

Japan surrendered on August 14 because of the Allied victories and the devastating nuclear attacks.

It gave the context for a fierce ideological battle between the United States and the Soviet Union that would shape global affairs for the next five decades.

In order to free men to fight, women in uniform took office and clerical jobs in the armed forces.

They drove trucks, repaired airplanes, worked as laboratory technicians, rigged parachutes, served as radio operators, analyzed photographs, flew military aircraft across the country, and even trained anti-aircraft guns.

16 women were killed by enemy fire when they served in the Army Nurse Corps.

On July 26, 1945, the United States, Great Britain, and China called on Japan to surrender.

On July 29 the premier issued a statement at a cabinet press conference that ridiculed the official notice of the surrender ultimatum and emphasized the increasing rate of Japanese aircraft production.

According to the study, the atomic bomb was only a part of Japan's decision to surrender.

Explain how governments used a variety of methods to conduct war in one to three paragraphs.

Extremist groups rose to power as genocide, ethnic violence, and other atrocities took place.

As Hitler implemented the Holocaust, he referred to the slaughter of six million Jews as a reminder of how little the Nazis need fear for.

Mass slaughter of the Tutsi minority was directed by the majority Hutu government.

In France, Germany, Russia, and Austria-Hungary, less than half of young men who fought for their countries returned unharmed.

Reports of German soldiers raping women and killing families during their march through Belgium were common.

The Russian army was an enemy of the Ottoman Empire during World War I, and the Christian Armenias were accused of cooperating with them.

Between 1915 and 1917, the Ottoman government deported people from their homes in order to punish them for their cooperation.

The deaths were the result of war, ethnic conflicts, and disease according to the Turkish government.

It resulted in great suffering and death for both military personnel and civilians.

The Ukraine, one of the Soviet Union's most fertile farming regions, was devastated by the famines of 1932 and 1933.

The effects of World War II were unprecedented because of the widespread fighting, advances in the technology of destruction, and its impact on the economies and civilian life of so many nations.

Government executions based on political rationales, including genocide, and disease and starvation caused by the war likely exceeded military casualties.

More than 7 million residents of conquered territories were forced to work in labor camps or in jobs that supported the German war effort.

The Nazis killed five million people who belonged to other groups or were Soviet prisoners of war.

trains, poisonous gas, and ovens for cremation were used by the Nazis to make their attempt at genocide more efficient and more deadly.

Millions of people died as a result of the policies of the Japanese during World War II.

Service in the military, on public works projects, and on farms to reduce the food shortage in Japan were included.

The Japanese army forced women in Korea, China, and other occupied countries to become prostitutes.

Many Allied prisoners of war and local workers perished in forced labor for Japan.

A new type of deadly combat was brought to civilians by air warfare carried out by the United States and other Allies.

Improvements in airplane design are needed to allow long flights carrying heavy loads.

The creation of several new nations in Eastern Europe, including Yugoslavia, was brought about by the end of World War I.

The country was home to Serbians, who were Eastern Orthodox Christians, as well as Croats and Slovenes, who were Catholic, and Muslims in the region of Bosnia and Kosovo.

The leader of communist Yugoslavia from the end of World War II to his death in 1980 was marshal Josip Broz Tito.

Yugoslavia's two largest republics, Serbia and Croatia, were kept from dominating the smaller ones by the dictator.

When Croatia, Yugoslavia, and Montenegro became independent, they defined their citizenship in terms of religion and ethnic background.

The Hutu majority took revenge on the Tutsis after they won independence from Belgium in 1962, and they took control of the government.

Tens of thousands of people fled the country and formed a rebel army.

In 1993 negotiations began for a coalition government in which both ethnic groups would share power.

The negotiations were cut short when the president of Rwanda was killed in an airplane crash.

The skulls, bones, and mummified bodies of people who were killed in the genocide of 1994 are on display in a school building.

More than 200,000 people, mostly non-Arab Muslim Africans, were slaughtered by the Janjaweed and Sudan's forces in the western region of the country.

The failure of the international community appeared obvious, considering the millions of lives lost and human dignity shattered.

Japan used a highly developed military machine and a master-race mentality to establish its right to rule its neighbors.

The Rape of nanking is an example of unmitigated evil lying just below the surface of military adventurism.

On December 13, 1937, when the city fell, Japanese soldiers began an orgy of brutality that was rarely matched in world history.

The First and Second World Wars resulted in a power shift from Western Europe to the United States.

The emergence of new states around the world as independence movements ended the colonial relationships that existed in the previous century is a result of the global conflicts.

At the beginning of the century, the Ottoman, Russian, and Qing empires collapsed due to internal decay and political revolutions.

The world saw political upheaval as nations struggled with both economic depression and calls for greater democracy.

These alliances helped escalate the scope of the war as European nations jumped into the conflict to honor their commitments.

An arms race among Europe's great powers increased the chance of war.

Tensions over commerce and access to resources were increased due to the imperial rivalry among Western nations.

The alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan was opposed by the Western democracies of Great Britain and France.

The inability of the Western democracies to offer a strong response to Germany's militarism was the reason why Europe and the rest of the world ended up in war.

The acquisition and control of markets and resources was the primary cause of global conflict in the early 20th century.

In the 19th century, Western European governments, followed by the United States, Russia, and Japan, began policies to take control of trade and territory in Asia and Africa.

In the past, armed conflict erupted over the control of the natural resources of these areas.

Control over markets to sell consumer goods was a primary motive of imperialistic policies as the Industrial Revolution spread from Great Britain to the rest of Western Europe.

In the late 19th century, attempts were made to prevent wars over trade.

The decision of the United States to place an embargo on Japan that cut off oil and steel exports from the United States was due to the desire of Imperial Japan to take over territory in Asia to obtain sources of oil, rice, rubber, and other raw materials.

The United States entered World War II as a result of the Japanese attack on the U.S. Pacific Fleet.

The Great Depression caused high unemployment and low wages, which led to the rise of populist leaders like Hitler who promised to rebuild the economies of their states.

As a result of the global conflicts of the 20th century, the loss of life was one of the most significant effects.

Large-scale aerial bombing that targeted populated areas, deadly policies that targeted specific minority groups such as European Jews, and the use of new military technology such as the atomic bomb meant that global conflict would cause unprecedented deaths among the civilian population.

Mass starvation and crimes against humanity were responsible for millions of civilian deaths during the 20th century.

Mexico created a new constitution with more political and economic rights for the majority of Mexicans as a result of populism.

In addition to the effect of the First World War, ineffective or corrupt leadership was also instrumental in bringing about the political revolutions that toppled the monarchies of these states.

The Treaty of Versailles, the peace agreement that ended World War I, helped to bring about regimes in Germany and Italy.

The fascist governments appealed to people's nationalism and desire to restore the country's glory and standing in the world.

Many people in the colonies felt that they were owed some form of self-government because of their support of or active participation in the war.

There were many new 534 World History Modification: AP(r) EDITION states formed during this time.

colonies with a small foreign population gained independence relatively peacefully, while colonies with a large foreign population experienced a more violent process towards independence.

In terms of the number of people involved, the largest independence movement was in India.

The people of the British colony of India achieved independence through civil disobedience.

Due to religious and ideological differences, the Indian subcontinent was partitioned into a Muslim-dominated Pakistan and a Hindu-dominated India.

The global conflicts of the 20th century resulted in a shift of power away from Western Europe and towards the United States.

Explain the relative significance of the causes of global conflict from 1900 to the present in one to three paragraphs.

In the 20th century, many states with complete control over every aspect of public and private life emerged.

Hayek argued that the development of totalitarianism was based on decisions about economic policy.

He thought socialism and fascists were both sides of the same coin because of centralized government planning and state power.

They claimed that the regimes in Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union had their beginnings in World War I.

The forces of nationalism unleashed by the war, combined with the need to respond politically to the global depression that followed World War I, created fertile ground for strong nationalistic rulers who could rise to political power and address ethnic conflict.

The origins of Nazism in Germany's distant past were identified by an American historian.

He found that Germanic nationalism, authoritarianism, and militarism dated back to the Middle Ages.

Moore wanted to break the power of the landed aristocracy and develop a middle class in order to create a democracy.

They will show you how to follow a reasoning process and develop a complex interpretation of the prompt.

In 1900 to the present, imperialism and militarism are the two most significant causes of global conflict.

Supporting paragraphs need to show that you have framed your argument with historical reasoning.

Your supporting paragraphs must demonstrate a complex understanding of the historical development that is the focus of the prompt to earn the most points.

Evidence from other sources could be used to corroborate, qualify, or modify an argument that addresses the question.

Evaluate the extent to which different causes of global conflict are significant in the period 1900 to the present.

Evaluate the extent to which the nature of anti-Semitism in Europe during the Middle Ages and World War II has changed over time.

Evaluate the extent to which territorial holdings from 1900 to present show continuity or change over time.

You should respond to the prompt with a historically defensible thesis or claim that establishes a line of reasoning.

An argument can be made that world leaders failed to prevent a conflict between Austria-Hungary and Serbia after the assassination of Ferdinand.

You should respond to the prompt with a historically defensible thesis or claim that establishes a line of reasoning.

Explain how or why the document's point of view, purpose, historical situation, and/or audience is relevant to an argument.

I predict that soon I will be overwhelmed by the pressure and be forced to take extreme measures which will lead to war.

Archduke Francis Ferdinand fell victim to the outrageous crime that has been going on in Serbia for years.

The spirit that led Serbians to murder their own king and his wife still dominates the country.

You will agree with me that we both have a common interest in making sure that the people who were morally responsible for the murder are punished.

I am trying to get the Austrians to deal straightly to arrive to a satisfactory understanding with you because of the tender friendship which bind us both from long ago.

I told you in my first telegram that I couldn't consider Austria's actions against Serbia an "ignoble" war.

It would be possible for Russia to remain a spectator of the Austro-Serbian conflict without involving Europe in the most horrible war she ever witnessed.

In my telegram to you, I said that Count Pourtales was instructed to draw the attention of your government to the danger and grave consequences involved by a mobilisation.

If Russia mobilizes against Austria, my role as mediator you kindly intrusted me with, and which I accepted at you express prayer, will be jeopardized.

July 31, 1914: On your appeal to my friendship and your call for assistance began to mediation between your and the Austro Hungarian Government.

My friendship for you and your empire, transmitted to me by my grandfather on his deathbed, has always been sacred to me and I have often supported Russia when she was in trouble.

If Russia will agree to stop the military measures which threaten Germany and Austro-Hungary, the peace of Europe may still be maintained.

July 31, 1914 (this and the previous telegram crossed): I would like to thank you for your mediation and hope that all will end peacefully.

I trust God's mercy and hope that your mediation in Vienna will help the welfare of our countries and the peace of Europe.

The decline of colonial empires and the rise of a tense conflict between capitalist and communist states occurred in the late 20th century because of the aftermath of the world wars.

The world wars intensified the nationalist movements in African and Asian colonies.

Colonies achieved independence through negotiation and armed struggle after World War II.

Population relocations and challenges to colonial boundaries were caused by the creation of independent states.

Africa, Latin America, and Asia supported the movement to redistribute land and wealth.

After independence, migration and economic relationships continued between postcolonial states and former colonial empires.

The United States and the Soviet Union emerged as competing powers after World War II.

The Cold War was a power struggle between capitalism and communism, which was expressed through competing military alliances, a nuclear arms race, and proxy wars in postcolonial states in Latin America, Asia, and Africa.

While the Cold War heightened global tensions, movements advocating nonviolence and alternatives to the established order became influential.

The collapse of communist governments in Eastern Europe and the end of the Cold War was caused by Soviet economic and military stagnation.

He wanted Eastern Europe to be a buffer zone because of his fear of another Napoleon or Hitler invading Russia.

Roosevelt thought that the American public would not support a war against the Soviets over the fate of democracy in Eastern Europe.

The conference ended with a pledge from the Soviets to fight Japan, but they didn't give any guarantees on free elections in Eastern Europe.

Communism gained control of East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Romania with the help of the Soviets.

The United States and the Soviet Union lacked trust in one another and began aggressive rhetoric after World War II.

Important issues between the world's major powers were not settled at the earlier conferences.

Great Britain and France had strong traditions of democracy and the rule of law despite their losses.

The United States and the Soviet Union became more powerful because of the massive physical destruction and population loss in victorious and defeated nations.

The industrial base and infrastructure remained intact and grew stronger as a result of government-funded military contracts.

After the war, the United States provided financial aid to European countries.

The United States used atomic weapons during the war, making it even more formidable.

Military research at universities and in private companies resulted in technological developments during World War II.

Air pressure systems for airplane cabins, stronger plywood for construction, and a variety of plastics were some of the items that were developed for, improved, or used more widely by the military.

The Cold War was played out in propaganda campaigns, secret operations and an arms race.

citizens in many countries expressed similar worries They began to protest the use of nuclear weapons.

The start of World War I marked the high point of the colonial empire.

Most of Africa, India, and Southeast Asia were colonized by the British, the French, and other Europeans.

Empires based in Austria, Turkey, and Russia were dominated by one group, leaving others feeling discriminated against.

In China, India, and throughout Africa, Europeans maintained their power even after the Ottoman Empire.

The foundation for the dismantling of colonial empires was set after World War II.

Great Britain, France, and the other colonial powers had less resources to resist independence because of World War II.

The Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union helped anti-colonial activists.

On November 1, 1952, the United States successfully blew up "Mike," the world's first hydrogen bomb, on the Elugelab Atoll in the Pacific Marshall Islands.

The thermonuclear device built upon the Teller-Ulam principles of staged radiation implosion instantly destroyed an entire island and left a crater more than a mile wide.

Half an hour after the test, the mushroom stretched 60 miles across with the base of the head joining the stem.

On November 22, 1955, the Soviet Union blew up its first hydrogen bomb on the principle of radiation implosion.

tracing continuity and change will help answer the question of when the Cold War began.

The United States and the Soviet Union emerged as the strongest countries after World War II.

Truman and Stalin saw their rivalry for dominance over Europe and Asia after the Potsdam Conference.

The power struggle between capitalism and communism was the central global conflict over the next 40 years.

The Allies shared a commitment to build a new organization to promote peace and prosperity to replace the League of Nations.

The United Nations did not prevent the growing tensions between the Soviet Union and the West.

An iron curtain has descended across Europe according to the leader of the free world.

In the United States, Western Europe, and other capitalist countries, most of the economic assets were owned privately.

The Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and other communist countries owned economic assets.

They relied on an independent press to provide accurate information about the government and political parties.

The elections in the Soviet Union were not significant, the press was run by the government, and politics were dominated by a single party.

The United States was accused of giving poor people the "freedom to starve" and discriminating against minorities.

The Soviet Union emphasized women's equality as a difference between its system and that of the United States.

Control of big economic decisions was either in the hands of the government or millions of corporate shareholders.

The competition resulted in a battle for influence over the opinions of people and alliances with governments.

They directed the countries of Bulgaria, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania to develop five-year economic plans focused on developing industry and collective agriculture at the expense of consumer products.

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was able to exploit the Eastern European nations to benefit from the Cold War.

The October Revolution of 1917 caused the Soviet Union to see capitalism as a threat to its power.

Between 1919 and 1923, the Soviets supported revolutions and uprisings in Germany, Bavaria, Hungary, northern Italy, and Bulgaria.

Growing revolutionary feelings became a serious threat to Western powers and governments in Central and Southern Europe after World War II.

They argued for a more aggressive policy of overthrowing existing regimes in order to roll back communism.

Left wing groups in Greece were close to taking control of the government.

The United States was concerned about rebuilding Europe after World War II.

The new goal was to rebuild Europe into a prosperous and stable region based on the belief that a communist revolution could happen in economically unstable nations.

An alternative framework for international economic, political, and social order was what they wanted.

More than half of the world's population is represented by delegates from China, India, and 27 other countries.

Member states tried to combine support for stronger international institutions with efforts to advance their own interests.

Nehru supported a stronger UN, but he opposed its efforts to intervene in the conflict between India and Pakistan over control of the region of Kashmir.

The United States and the Soviet Union supplied aid to Ethiopia when war broke out between them in 1977.

The retreating Germans destroyed virtually all the railways, roads, port facilities, communications, and merchant marine when they entered Greece.

Foreign oppression of peoples in Asia, Africa and Latin America is slowly disappearing from the stage of history.

The Governments of countries participating in the Conference reject the view that war is inevitable and that it is contrary to the progress of the world.

Explain one way in which the Belgrade Declaration reflected the context of self-determination in which the Non-Aligned Movement was formed.

The United States experienced a red scare after World War II.

The leading voice for hunting down Communist spies was Senator Joseph R. McCarthy of Wisconsin.

On February 9, 1950, Senator McCarthy gave a speech in Wheeling, West Virginia, in which he claimed that he had a list of members of the Communist Party who were in the U.S. State Department.

The reason why we are in a position of impotency is not because our only powerful potential enemy has sent men to invade our shores.

Military alliances for mutual protection were formed in different parts of the world after the start of the Cold War.

A proxy war is when a major power helps bring about a conflict between other nations.

The debate over how to occupy Germany after World War II was an example of the conflict among the Allies.

The Allies decided to split the country into France, Great Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union.

They blockaded the Western zones in Berlin to stop the West from moving supplies into the area.

Between February 1948 and May 1949, the Allies flew supplies into Western zones after the Soviets lifted the blockade.

Many citizens of East Germany wanted to move to the West because of the prosperity and democratic lifestyle there.

The exodus to the West reflected poorly on the communist system, and it was hard on the economy.

After World War II, the Soviet Union dominated the Eastern European countries they had occupied.

The original members were Belgium, Canada, France, Great Britain, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, and the United States.

The original members were Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and the Soviet Union.

Moscow was the capital of the Soviet Union when the Warsaw Pact nations combined their armies.

The international conflict over the spread of communism is often combined with a battle against colonialism in these wars.

The Korean Peninsula was divided by the victorious powers after World War II.

The Chinese sent their troops to enter the war against the United States and its allies because they were worried that the UN would try to invade China as well.

Eisenhower sent military advisers to South Vietnam to train the army in order to prevent a communist takeover of the country.

A group of Cuban exiles wanted the U.S. government to overthrow Castro before Kennedy took office.

In the summer of 1961, the United States placed nuclear missiles in Turkey, an ally of the Soviet Union.

The Soviet nuclear missiles, their transports and tents for fueling and maintenance can be seen in the U-2 photograph on the right.

People are concerned about deaths and environmental harm from nuclear war or testing.

The goal was to reduce the amount of radiation that people would be exposed to as a result of weapons testing.

After 14 years of armed struggle, the Portuguese colony of Angola won its independence in 1975.

The borders of many newly independent African countries had been set by European colonial powers with little regard for the traditional regions.

The April 17-19, 1961, attempt to overthrow communist dictator Fidel Castro by invading Cuba with 1,500 amateur soldiers and a handful of B-26 ground-attack bombers was said to have been the epitaph by President John F. Kennedy.

The CIA trained its participants and helped execute its amphibious landings and air strikes, which was more amateurishly than the Cuban invaders.

Two presidential administrations, numerous legislators, and plenty of smart generals and admirals also signed off on the scheme.

The invasion brigade was crushed by Castro's armor, heavy weaponry and small air force by the evening of April 19 and the CIA was surprised.