34.7 A Comparison of Animal Phyla

34.7 A Comparison of Animal Phyla

• Walter Garstang was a marine Biologist from England.
• Frederic Delsuc, a French evolutionary biologist, discovered in 2006 that tunicates can squirt out water from the scup when disturbed.
• They propose that tunicates are the closest living relatives to have a heart and nervous system.
• The researchers group the system of relatively few nerves that are connected to the echinoderms.
• The incurrent siphon is the common ancestor.
• Most of the animals are hermaphroditic.

• The key characteristics of animal phyla can be compared and contrasted.

• tunicates are marine animals that look like sponges or cnidarians.

• We used a ciliated pharynx to explore all of the invertebrate, and then we used extensive pharyngeal phyla and two invertebrate subphyla to filter it.
• The food is trapped on a sheet of mucus.
• In Chapter 35, we will look at the stomach, intestine, and anus.

• The annelids have a striking feature in which the body is divided into compartments and only the anterior end has segments.

• Free-ranging marine worms and Sedentaria, which are 98% of all animal species, are invertebrates.
• The earliest-diverging includes tube worms, earthworms, and leeches.

• They have a unique nervous system.

• The sponges lack true tissues, but are two of the most common ecdysozoan phyla.
• They are arthropods.

• Nematodes, which are found in nearly all habitats, have a cuticle made of a structural protein.

• There are many species of arthropods on Earth.

• The arthropod body is covered by anemones, corals, and the Portuguese man-of-war.

• Cnidarians have only two germ layers, the ectoderm fused into functional units called tagmata.

• The five main subphyla of arthropods are Trilobita.

• There are two types of conjugaters: polyp or medusa.
• Cnidarians have a stinging cells, relatives, and Crustacea, which function in defense.

• More insect species are known than any other animal species.

• Most Lophotrochozoa have either a lophophore or a complete or incomplete metamorphosis, and have a stage called a trochophore.
• Flatworms have developed complex social behaviors.

• Small species and distinctive embryonic germ layers are found in most crustacean orders.

• The four classes of flatworms are Turbellaria, Monogenea, and shrimp.

• The Deuterostomia include the Echinodermata, which has a separate mouth and anus, and the mastax, a muscular Chordata.
• The rotifers have a unique structure to their pharynx, which is a striking feature of the echinoderms.

• Both the bryozoa and brachiopods have symmetrical lophophores.
• The feeding structure of echinoderms is unique.

• The Asteroidea diverse living species have a basic body plan with three parts.

• The Chordata is distinguished by four innovations: chitons, snails and slugs, bivalvia and cephalopoda.

• The most complex of all animals are the ceps.

• Urochordata are part of the arthropod family.

• They are the only mollusks with a closed circulatory system, and they have shown that tunicates are the closest relatives to have a well-developed nervous system and brain.

• A group of protists are believed to have given rise to animals.

• They are protected with spicules.

• Toxic defensive chemicals protect them.

• Female offspring can be produced through 10 by the following organisms.

• There are at least some members with a closed 1.

• There is a difference between complete and incomplete metamorphosis.

• Discuss why insects are the most rich taxon.