5.3 Radiation Measurement

5.3 Radiation Measurement

• The nuclear equation should show mass numbers and atomic numbers.

• The Geiger counter is one of the most common instruments for detecting radiation.
• There is a metal tube filled with a gas.
• When radiation enters a window on the end of the tube, it forms charged particles in the gas which produce an electrical current.
• Each burst of current is amplified to give a reading on a meter.

• There are many ways in which radiation is measured.
• Marie Curie was a Polish scientist who discovered radium and polonium.

• Workers at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant are exposed to a lot of radiation.

• The gray is the same as 100 rad.

• If alpha particles enter the body by other routes, they can cause a lot of damage to the tissue.
• High-energy radiation, such as alpha particles, high-energy protons, and neutrons, can cause more damage.
• The rays travel a long way through the body.

• The biological damage in rems is the same as the absorbed radiation.
• The factor is between 10 and 20 for alpha particles.

• The measurement for an equivalent dose will be in units of millirems.

• 1000 mrem is equal to one rem.
• Equal to ation is one sievert.

• Campers can use irradiated food from contaminated ground beef, fruit juices, lettuce, and alfalfa sprouts.

• The FDA has given the go-ahead for irradiated meat, fruits, and vegetables to be sold at the market.

• The irradiation technology is similar to the one used to sterilize medical supplies.
• The cobalt is placed in the tubes in the racks.
• When food moves through the rack, the rays from the sun kill the germs.

• It is important for consumers to know that when food is irradiated, it never comes in contact with the radioactive source.
• The radiation stops the growth ofbacteria.
• For the same purpose, we cook or heat food.
• The cells of the food are no longer dividing or growing, so radiation and heat have no effect on that.
• A small amount of vitamins B1 and C may be lost, but irradiated food is not harmed.

• The FDA has approved irradiation of pork, poultry, and beef to decrease the risk of infections.
• The shelf life was extended after two weeks.
• strawberries on the right are irradiated vegetable and meat products.
• In more than 40 countries, mold is available in retail markets.

• There are irradiated foods in some stores.

• People who work in radiology laboratories wear dosimeters to determine if they have been exposed to radiation.

• A dosimeter can be used for a variety of purposes.
• Real-time radiation levels are measured by monitors in the work area.

• The radioisotope phosphorus-32 is incorporated into bone in one treatment for bone pain.
• Up to 450 rad can be produced by a dose of 7 mCi.

• A dosimeter is used to measure radiation exposure.

• The activity of the P-32 in terms of nuclei that break down in 1s is indicated by the millicuries.

• The rad is the amount of radiation absorbed by the bone.

• States are exposed to 3.6 mSv of radiation annually.

• There are some common sources of radiation.

• The bigger the dose of radiation, the greater the effect on the body.

• Exposure to less than 0.25 Sv can't be detected.
• A decrease in the number of white blood cells can be caused by whole-body exposure.
• A person may suffer the symptoms of radiation sickness, such as nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and a reduction in white-cell count.

• Half of the people are getting that dose.

• Two samples of a radioisotope were spilled.

• A person gets 50 rad of radiation.

• A person could absorb 50 mrad of alpha radiation.

• Two patients in a nuclear laboratory were exposed to radiation.

• After one or more half-lives, calculate the amount of radioisotope using Conversion Factors.

• The half-life is 8.0 days.
• 131 54Xe is a non radioactive particle that is produced when 53I decays.

• Suppose we have a sample that contains 20 grams of 131 53I.
• If a sample of Tc-99m has 10% of I-131 in it, it will decay in eight days.
• After a half-life of 6.0 h, there are only 16 days left of I-131 decays, which leaves a total of 6.0 g of Tc-99m radioactive after I-131.

• I-131 nuclei are still capable of producing radiation.

• Amount of I-131 remains radioactive after each 4 half-lives half-life of 8.0 days.

• The half-life of Phosphorus-32 is more than 14 days.

• The given and needed quantities should be stated.

• To calculate the unknown quantity, write a plan.

• Write the conversion factors.

• To calculate the needed quantity, set up the problem.
• The number of half-lives is determined by the amount of time that has elapsed.

• We can determine how much of the sample decays in three half-lives and how much remains.

• The half-life of Iron-59 is 44 days.

• Radioisotopes are used for hundreds or millions of years.
• Nuclear medicine has shorter half-lives than the radioisotopes used in it.
• They produce almost all their radiation in half-lives than they do naturally.

• A small amount of the radioisotope given to a patient is essentially gone within two days.
• The decay products of technetium-99m are eliminated by the body.

• Archeologists and living plants use radioactive dating today.

• The age of a half object derived from plants or animals is determined by the amount of carbon-14 in the object.
• In 1960, he received the prize.

• Carbon-14 is produced in the upper atmosphere by the bombardment.

• The carbon-14 reacts with oxygen to form radioactive carbon diox.
• Carbon dioxide is absorbed by living plants by incorporating carbon-14 into the plant material.
• The carbon-14 decays through a series of reactions.
• The plant stops when it dies.

• As the carbon-14 decays, the amount of radioactive carbon-14 in have a higher percentage of lead-206.
• The time since the plant died.
• One-half of the carbon-14 found in calculated for Earth could be found in a wooden beam found to be about 4 years old.

• Humans and animals have bones.
• The age of the bone is determined by the number of half-lives of carbon-14 in the sample.
• A sample from a prehistoric animal can be used for radiocarbon dating.

• 25% of the activity of C-14 is found in a sample from a prehistoric animal.

• The given and needed quantities should be stated.

• To calculate the unknown quantity, write a plan.

• Write the conversion factors.

• To calculate the needed quantity, set up the problem.

• The animal died around 11 000 years ago.

• A piece of wood found in a cave might have one-eighth of its original carbon-14 activity.

• Determine the amount of radioisotope remaining after one or more half-lives.