Chapter 26: War and Revolution, 1914-1920

• Technology prevented the war from being long
• Militarism consisted of an intense increase in production and planning for military operations
• Franz Ferdinand and his wife were assassinated
• Five weeks before war was declared:
  • Austria-Hungary held the Serbian government responsible and made unreasonable demands as an ultimatum
  • Serbia tried to meet demands but attempts were rejected with Austria-Hungary cutting off diplomatic relations
  • Germany supported Austria-Hungary
  • Russia had a secret alliance with Serbia and mobilized on Serbia’s behalf
  • Germany demanded that Russia stop with the mobilization to which Russia refused
  • Germany declared war on Russia and France and went on to invade Belgium
  • England declared war on Germany
  • Ottoman Empire joined Germany and Austria-Hungary
• Battle of Tannenberg and Battle of Masurian Lakes
  • Russia lost two armies in the east
  • Russian military had poor leadership and lacked sufficient supplies and training
• Trench Warfare
• Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria defeated Serbia
• 1917: “Blackest Year of the War”
  • Italy suffered a large defeat and was effectively taken out of the war
  • Russians dropped out of the war due to revolutions
  • Germans tried to get offensive victory before the U.S. could join the war
• During the war, women filled the empty positions in every level of the economy
  • Women finally got the right to vote by the end of the war
• “Total War”
  • Mass civilization populations were involved in the war
• A dictatorship was created in France during the war
• The war ended in 1919
  • Paris Peace Conference (1919)
  • Versailles Treaty (1919)
• The blame for the war was placed on Germany, meaning that Germany would be punished severely
• There were massive casualties from the war
  • 10 million soldiers were dead
  • 10 million civilians were dead
• Habsburg dynasty which had lasted 500 years, was removed from Austria
• Romanov dynasty which had lasted 300 years, was removed from Russia
• Hohenzollern dynasty which had lasted 300 years, was removed from Germany
• The Ottoman Empire which had lasted 500 years, was destroyed
• The political map of Europe was redrawn
  • Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Yugoslavia were on the map
• Russian Revolution led to the world’s first communist country

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