Chapter 26: War and Revolution, 1914-1920
- Technology prevented the war from being long
- Militarism consisted of an intense increase in production and planning for military operations
- Franz Ferdinand and his wife were assassinated
- Five weeks before war was declared: * Austria-Hungary held the Serbian government responsible and made unreasonable demands as an ultimatum * Serbia tried to meet demands but attempts were rejected with Austria-Hungary cutting off diplomatic relations * Germany supported Austria-Hungary * Russia had a secret alliance with Serbia and mobilized on Serbia’s behalf * Germany demanded that Russia stop with the mobilization to which Russia refused * Germany declared war on Russia and France and went on to invade Belgium * England declared war on Germany * Ottoman Empire joined Germany and Austria-Hungary
- Battle of Tannenberg and Battle of Masurian Lakes * Russia lost two armies in the east * Russian military had poor leadership and lacked sufficient supplies and training
- Trench Warfare
- Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria defeated Serbia
- 1917: “Blackest Year of the War” * Italy suffered a large defeat and was effectively taken out of the war * Russians dropped out of the war due to revolutions * Germans tried to get offensive victory before the U.S. could join the war
- During the war, women filled the empty positions in every level of the economy * Women finally got the right to vote by the end of the war
- “Total War” * Mass civilization populations were involved in the war
- A dictatorship was created in France during the war
- The war ended in 1919 * Paris Peace Conference (1919) * Versailles Treaty (1919)
- The blame for the war was placed on Germany, meaning that Germany would be punished severely
- There were massive casualties from the war * 10 million soldiers were dead * 10 million civilians were dead
- Habsburg dynasty which had lasted 500 years, was removed from Austria
- Romanov dynasty which had lasted 300 years, was removed from Russia
- Hohenzollern dynasty which had lasted 300 years, was removed from Germany
- The Ottoman Empire which had lasted 500 years, was destroyed
- The political map of Europe was redrawn * Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Yugoslavia were on the map
- Russian Revolution led to the world’s first communist country
\