2.1: The Expansion Of Europe

• Western Europe has been a farming society: the majority of Europeans lived in the families of farming villages.

  • Agricultural and animal husbandry were practiced in Europe for thousands of years but great technological advances took place in the late Middle Ages.

  • Trade expansion has stimulated market and city growth.

• The monarchies of western Europe began to replace the lords in this period of social and political chaos as the new centers of power.

  • By promising internal order, they built their legitimacy while uniting their realms.

• Prince Henry set up an academy of eminent geographers, makers of instruments, shipbuilders, and marine workers.

  • The learned men of Sagres Point, who studied the maritime traditions of Asia and the Muslim world, incorporated them into a new ship design called a caravan, more quickly and better than any ship previously known throughout Europe.

• Columbus sold the plan to the Castilian and Aragonese monarchs, to Isabel and Ferdinand.

  • Both had just finished the Reconquista, a long battle between Catholics and Muslims that ended Muslim rule in Spain.

2.2: The Spanish In The Americas

• Fighting violence included the first stages of the Spanish invasion of America.

  • Armies marched on Caribbean islands, pillaged villages, killed men, and captured women

• Las Casas accused the Spanish of cruelties leading to the destruction of the Indians in 1552 and millions of Indians' killings he accused them of genocide

• Spanish chroniclers said that half of the Americans affected this single epidemic.

  • The disease was the Spanish's secret weapon and helps to explain its outstanding success.

• Crosby is called the "Colombian Exchange," which is the beginning of modern world history.

• Warriors from the powerful indigenous rulers beat this and several other invasion attempts, and de León was killed in 1521.

  • Seven years later Florida was also ended in a disaster by another Spain attempt to colonize under Pánfilo de Narváez.

2.3: Northern Explorations and Encounters

• In 1517, when the German priest Martin Luther made his differences with Rome public, the Protestant Reformation—religious revolt against the Roman Catholic Church.

  • Luther declared eternal salvation not to be life baseddenserregion’s natural abundancean O’odham the Catholic Church and to be a gift from God.

• The Protestant Calvin founded the Geneva theocracy.

  • In France, his followers are known as Huguenots, mostly from the middle city, but a part of the nobility that was not included Catholic monarch's central authority.

• Henry succeeded Edward VI, his young and sick son, who died shortly.

• Next in succession was Mary of Edward's Catholic half-sister, who persecuted and martyred hundreds of English Protestants and married Philip II of the Spanish, self-identified Catholic defender.

  • He was named "Bloody Mary" by her.

• Roanoke was far more promising than Gilbert's between 1584 and 1587, but also too was unsuccessful.

  • Raleigh moved to establish a colony in the south.

• Unlike the French, who focused on trade, the English tried to dominate and conquer the indigenous people, using their Irish experience.