9.5: The Rest of the Story: Other Dimensions

In this chapter, we assume that IQ is an ideal index of intelligence.

There's compelling evidence that IQ tests are valid indicators of intelligence, but it's clear that there's more to intelligence than high IQ.
Many people without high IQs are good citizens of society, and many people with high IQs are bad citizens.
Look at the string of high-profile political sex scandals over the past decade in which well-educated and highly intelligent people got caught red-handed.
We'll conclude the chapter with a survey of other psychological variables that can make us act smart but not so smart.

"Beethoven's Ninth," as musicologists call it, was unlike any piece of music ever written.

Beethoven's Ninth was condemned as being too abrasive, too reckless, and too "different" by some critics.
Beethoven's Ninth Symphony is considered to be the greatest piece of music ever written.

Beethoven's music is good for creativity.

We nod our heads when we hear an exceptional piece of music, like Beethoven's Ninth, or see an exceptional painting.

Sometimes psychologists call it "outside-the-box" thinking for solutions to a problem.

The "Uses for Objects" test requires participants to generate as many uses for an ordinary object as they can.
It's possible that the tests don't capture everything about creativity.

Intelligence and creativity are only weakly or moderately associated, with correlations often in the 0.2- or 0.3-range.

Many intelligent people are not creative.

Highly creative people are interesting.

They are willing to take intellectual risks.
They also have high self-esteem.
They're not the easiest people to get along with.

There isn't much evidence that their work increases in quality.

There is evidence that many great painters, writers, and composers may have suffered from mental illness.
More recently, actresses Carrie Fisher and Catherine Zeta-Jones have spoken about their struggles with the condition.
These are anecdotal reports, and don't provide proof of a link between creativity and bipolar disorder.
Studies show that highly creative individuals in artistic and literary professions have higherthan expected levels of bipolar disorder and related conditions.
The same genes that make people prone to bipolar disorder can also be found in creative accomplishments.

Creative people fall flat on their faces more often than uncreative people because they're willing to take intellectual risks.

One or two notable clunkers were composed by Beethoven.
Frank Lloyd Wright's architectural creative artists, musicians, and scientists produce more stuff than other people.
Fallingwater isn't particularly good, but a lot of it is.
Some of it is really great.

In rural Pennsylvania, Interests and Intellect still stand out.

People with different intellectual strengths tend to have different personality tendencies.

When we get to the level of specific mental abilities, people with dif tend to display different intellectual interests.

People with high lives levels of scientific and mathematical ability tend to be especially interested in investigating the workings of nature and often describe themselves as enjoying the practical tasks of everyday life, like balancing checkbooks.

People with high levels of verbal ability are more interested in art and music.

One of the most active topics in popular psychology today is healthy.

According to some research, the emotional intelligence of the German composer Robert Schumann is related to his mental health issues.
His productivity includes the ability to understand and recognize one's increased dramatical y during "hypomanic" (mild manic) episodes emotions, to appreciate others' emotions, to control one's and decreased dramatical y during depressive episodes.

Weisberg, R. W. (1994) is the source of most proponents of emotional intelligence.

A test of the hypothesis that manic-depression increases maintains that emotional quotient is just as important as creativity.

Participants are asked to report how good they are at handling their emotions under stress on emotional intelligence tests.

People are asked to identify which emotion a face is expressing.

Many American companies give their employees formal training to boost their emotional intelligence.

EQ training seminars teach workers to listen to their emotions when making decisions, find better ways of dealing with stress at work, and express sympathy for their coworkers.

The evidence that these seminars are effective in enhancing long-term EQ is weak.

These skills are helpful on the job.

People with low emotional intelligence are more likely to have psychological problems, such as depression, substance abuse, and psychopathic personality.

The emotional intelligence concept is more popular than its critics.

It's not clear if this concept offers much beyond personality.
Extraversion, agreeableness, and openness to experience are personality traits that are assessed by most measures of emotional intelligence.
Some research suggests that the concept of emotional intelligence does not predict job performance beyond general intelligence and personality.
There is no evidence that emotional intelligence is correlated.
According to the most parsimonious hypothesis, emotional intelligence is a mixture of personality traits that psychologists have studied for decades.

Intelligence isn't enough for success in some life domains.

A number of psychologists have sought out personality or character variables that may be needed for intellectual achievements, two of which have received considerable attention in recent years.

There are huge differences in intellectual curiosity among people.

Some people are more interested in understanding how the world works than others.
According to evidence, curiosity is a potent predictor of academic achievement, and that it adds considerably to the prediction of achievement above and beyond IQ.
Resentment is the emotion people tend to feel if we're looking to who will succeed in school, as well as who will achieve important discoveries, due to a sense that they've been or create important inventions.
An interest in figuring out what happened.

Perseverance and a deep-seated passion to achieve one's goals are two major elements of grit.

They've found that academic performance is related to grit.
Many schools have begun programs for teaching children character trait in light of the exciting findings.
The concept of grit is controversial.

If we assumed that people with high IQs would be immune to weird ideas, we would be wrong.

Data shows that people with high IQs are more likely to believe in conspiracy theories than other people.
There are examples of brilliant individuals holding strange beliefs in the history of science.
Despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary, Linus Pauling insisted that high levels of vitamin C could cure cancer.
Several other Nobel-Prize winners in the "hard sciences," such as physics, have embraced strange and unsupported ideas.

One of the photographs from the famous Cottingley fairies hoax that they don't assess rationality, which we can think of as reflecting the abil took in writer Arthur Conan Doyle.

People are extremely intelligent.
Confirmation bias can be fooled by fake claims.

There is no guarantee against beliefs for which the unwarranted assumption that they know much more than they have evidence.

Recent research shows do.
People with high IQs are just as prone to bias blind spot as are people with low IQs.
As we're recal from the supernatural who was taken in by an embarrassingly obvious prank earlier in the text, and as a devoted believer in low IQs, it's easy to see why.
Confirmation bias girls insisted that they'd photographed themselves along with dancing and hindsight bias, that afflicts just about everyone else, in the 1917 "Cottingley fairies" hoax, two young British tendency to believe that we're immune to biases.

In many cases, smart people embrace odd beliefs because they're book about the Cottingley fairies and defended the girls against accusations of faking it.

The basic principle that extraordinary was forgotten by him.
The ability to defend our claims requires extraordinary evidence.
The ability to consider to doctoring the photographs after someone discovered they'd cut the alternative positions correlated negatively with the ability to confess their positions effectively.
The fairies may be related to high IQ.
He may have assumed that he couldn't be tricked because of the strength of the ideological immune system.

The message here is that we all have ideological immune systems that kick into high gear when we think.

When intelligent people neglect the safeguards afforded friend chal enges our political beliefs, they will often be fooled.
We would prefer not to hear that evidence.
We feel defensive and there is growing evidence that rationality can be taught.
For example, frantical searches our mental knowledge banks to find arguments that relatively simple interventions, such as computerized video games, could refute our friend's evidence.
Our knack for defending our that give people rapid feedback about how to improve their decision positions against competing viewpoints can sometimes lead to confirma making, which appears to boost their critical thinking skills and ability to over tion bias, blinding us to information we should take seriously.

In a large portion of our psychological defenses against twin study, a measure of conscientiousness was related to a measure of grit.

Most of the same genes as conscientiousness were found to be the source of grit.
It remains to be seen if grit is a new kid on the block or if it's just an existing personality trait that's been repackaged in slightly new clothing.

Being smart isn't the same as being intelligent.

Measures of intelligence are correlated with measures of wisdom.

There are three often-competing applications of intelligence toward interests: (1) concerns about oneself, (2) concerns about others and (3) con common good.

The wise persons channel their intelligence into ways that benefit others.
Even though they may disagree with them, they come to appreciate alternative points of view.
Wisdom is marked by an awareness of our biases and cognitive fallibilities.
We can think of wise people as good scientists in everyday life.
Wisdom sometimes comes with age.

The current Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso, is an exempli fies wisdom.

He has advocated for nonviolence and a willingness to engage in constructive dialogue with his opponents despite arguing forcefully for Tibet's independence from China.
This kind of wisdom may be just as important as intelligence in the long run.

Think about a person who is wise.

Binet and Simon, who developed the first intelligence test, argued that intelligence consists of higher mental processes.

The tests of mental ability tend to be correlated.
How psychologists calculate IQ will be determined.

Some psychologists argue for the existence of multiple intelligences by dividing by chronological age.

There are different ways of being smart in adolescence.

It's and adulthood, because mental age tends to level out at not clear whether these proposed intelligences are independent of age 16.

Eugenics was the effort to improve a population's genetic related in humans.

Intelligence and IQ Testing 358 suggests that men are more variable in their IQ scores than women, and that people with good genes are encouraged to reproduce, and people with bad genes are discouraged from reproducing.
Eugenics women use IQ tests as an important tool.
Women tend to do better than men when it comes to verbal movement, because many proponents of eugenics wanted to do certain tasks, whereas men tend to do better than women when it comes to immigration.

Many people view IQ tests with skepticism because of the eugenics.

Americans, compared with Caucasians, score about 5 points as the WAIS-IV and children, such as the WISC-IV.

IQ scores go up.
There's substantial overlap in adulthood, although they aren't distributions of IQ across races.
Test bias doesn't seem stable in infancy or early childhood.
IQ tests can be used to interpret the IQ test gap between important real-world outcomes, such as job per African Americans and Caucasians.

Caucasians are environmental.

Intellectual disability is divided into four categories: mild, moderate, severe, and profound.

The 9.3: Genetic and Environmental Influences on IQ are novel and successful are two features of creative accomplishments.

Adoption studies suggest that some of the capacity to find the best answer to a problem can be found in convergent think Twin.

Emotional intelligence refers to the ability to understand, although these studies also offer convincing evidence of our own emotions and those of others, as well as to apply this ronmental effects on IQ.

Information to our daily lives appears to be the heritability of IQ.
Although emotional intel is low among extremely poor individuals, it is relevant to job performance because of the adverse effects of environmental degradation on the expression of genetic potential.

That is thought to be controversial.

Group Differences in IQ: The Science good is the application of intelligence.

Politics and wisdom aren't always the same, and sometimes it comes with age.