16.1: Communities Mobilize for War

• Sit on an island at the entrance to Charleston Port, Fort Sumter, a federal military facility.

  • So far as Charleston, the center of the secessionist sentiment, remained in the hands of the Union.

• The first division, which took seven Deep South States from the Union from 20 December 1860 to 1 February 1861.

  • The shelling in Fort Sumter in April now forced the other southern States to stand with the Lincoln appeal for State militia.

  • In April and May 1861, courted and pressured both by the north and the southern states, the original seven were joined by four Upper Southern states

• The nature of the war and the mistaken notions about it soon became clear once the sides had been chosen and the initial flush was over and over.

16.2: The Governments Organize for War

• As president, Lincoln's first task was to control the cabinet himself.

  • As Lincoln had few national contacts outside the Republican Party, he opted to make cabinet members with several Republicans

  • Until then, the money was issued by 1.500 state banks as a mix of coins and state bank notes.

  • The Law of February 1862 establishes a country's monetary system

• A number of Republican economic actions which were not directly linked to the war were also made possible by the lack of Southern Democrats.

  • The Morrill Tariff Act was quickly passed by the Republicans, and the tariffs increased to over double by 1864, and by subsequent measures

• A citizen who agreed to live on the land for five years was given 160 acres in government land by the Homestead Act, enhanced by construction of a house and cultivation of some land and paid a small fee.

  • The Morrill Land Grant Act provided states with public land to fund land-based universities which provide education in the practical fields of agriculture, engineering and military sciences for ordinary citizens.

• Securing British and France's diplomatic recognition of the Confederacy did not fall to Secretary of State William Seward

• Jefferson Davis had held national cabinet positions, had experience as an administrative officer, and was an ex-military man, although he had been unable to hold the Confederation together.

  • Nobody might have had anybody

  • A sharp blow was the failure of cotton diplomacy.

• White people were astonished at the fact that France and Britain did not acknowledge their independence

16.3: The Fighting through 1862

• The Northern strategy was first called the Anaconda Plan, which was to slowly squeeze the south and on the Mississippi River with a blockade.

• While the main focus of public attention was the fighting in Virginia, the fighting in the Mississippi River and Tennessee were the key to a possible victory for Union.

• While one western country, Texas, was separated from the Union, the Civil War in many parts of the West was fought in small ways.

• Initially it had failed to achieve the Union's naval blockade from the South, aimed at cutting trade from the Confederacy and the rest of the world.

• Another cause was the capture of Port Royal on the islands of the South Carolina Sea in 1861.

  • Whites escaped from the advance of the Union but with joy and gratitude 10,000 slaves greeted the troops.

16.4: The Death of Slavery

• In 1862 Abraham Lincoln, aware of the dividing opinion in the north, embarked on the development of a declaration of emancipation.

  • When slavery became ever larger.

• The final Proclamation of Emancipation was duly issued by Lincoln on 1 January 1863 which was less than sweeping.

16.5: The Front Lines and the Home Front

• Lincoln first supported the recruitment of black soldiers as part of the Emancipation Proclamation.

  • The eager Black volunteers were turned away at the beginning of the war.

  • Battles of the civil war were terribly deadly

• One reason was technology: enhanced weapons, especially modern rifles, had a far greater range and precision than the smooth boring moustaches they replaced.

• Foreign nurses were also urgently needed to look after injured and convalescent soldiers.

  • Nursing was widely regarded as female work in a family context.

• The circumstances faced by the enthusiastic young Union and Confederate armies were massive, terrifying and bloody, seemingly endless battles with no sign of victory in the face.

• By 1862, the Democrats had split into two factions: the War Democrats and Peace Democrats.

• Some people have honestly enriched meeting wartime needs, but as they have in every war, spectators and beneficiaries flourished.

• Protests were held across the North in the spring of 1863.

  • Unrest and unrest have broken out in many towns and many federal enrollment officers have been killed

• The war has changed the South even more.

  • As in the North, war needs led to government control of the economy expanding and centralizing

16.6: The Tide Turns

• The year opened for the Union army in the East with stalemate and slow and expensive progress in the West.

  • For the South, 1863 was its highest hope in Britain or France for military success and diplomatic recognition.

• He was appointed east by president Lincoln in March 1864 as General-in-Chief of the Union Forces.

  • Critics of Lincoln were horrified

• The 1864 presidential election was complicated by the war.

• During a period when the war was going badly, Lincoln was renominated.

  • In contrast, Lincoln had little support in his party against Radicals who believed he was too conciliatory to the South and the Republican Conservatives who disapproved of the proclamation of emancipation.

• Sherman was locked up in the battle with Lee in north Virginia as Sherman devastated the lower south.

  • Lee finally submitted a grant but at a tremendous cost.

• Lee and his rest, two-to-one, still retained Petersburg and Richmond in the spring of 1865.

• The shortest time to enjoy the victory was Lincoln.

  • On the evening of 14 April, President and Mrs. Lincoln visited the Washington Ford's Theater