71: opener: Bruce Mitchell/Getty; Figure 12.1; Figure 12: Cheryl Power/ Photo Researchers, Inc.; Figure 2.8: fStop/Alamy.

Figure 13.1: PhotoStockFundamental-Israel/Alamy; Figure 3.17: HP Canada/Alamy; Figure 13.5: misu/

Wrangel/Shutterstock; Figure 6.10: Ted Foxx/Alamy; Figure P6.23: EPA/Horacio Villalobos/ Newscom.

The opener is Matt Tilghman/Shutterstock.

Figure 8.19: Associated Press/Aman Sharma; Figure 8.21: JP5/ZOB/WENN/ Newscom.

Figure 19.09: NASA; Figure 19.13: Alamy; Figure 19.15: imagebroker.

Figure opener: Michael Ventura/Alamy, Figure 29.1a: Lawrence Berkeley, and Figure 29.2c: Lawrence Berkeley National Photo Researchers, Inc.

There are constant pressure processes.

There are coin sorters in vending machines.

Mega-newtons exert themselves by wires on large halo objects.

Weakly interacting large particles.

The first step in physics problem solving is to read the text of the problem and come up with a numerical answer.

It is difficult to translate the words and equations into each other. One way to address this is to represent physical processes in ways that are less abstract. Concrete representations help you visualize a problem. The representations are used to bridge the words and equations. The multiple representation approach to problem solving is an approach that you will learn to use as you progress through the book.

The car's speed goes down.

A person is falling.

A human cannonball is launched.

Document Outline

• Cover

• Title Page

• Copyright Page

• About the Authors

• Acknowledgments

• Contents

• I. Introducing Physics I.1 What is physics? I.2 Modeling I.3 Physical quantities I.4 Making rough estimates I.5 Vector and scalar physical quantities I.6 How to use this book to learn physics Summary

• 1 Kinematics: Motion in One Dimension 1.1 What is motion? 1.2 A conceptual description of motion 1.3 Quantities for describing motion 1.4 Representing motion with data tables and graphs 1.5 Constant velocity linear motion 1.6 Motion at constant acceleration 1.7 Skills for analyzing situations involving motion 1.8 Free fall 1.9 Tailgating: Putting it all together Summary Questions Problems

• 2 Newtonian Mechanics 2.1 Describing and representing interactions 2.2 Adding and measuring forces 2.3 Conceptual relationship between force and motion 2.4 Reasoning without mathematical equations 2.5 Inertial reference frames and Newton's first law 2.6 Newton's second law 2.7 Gravitational force law 2.8 Skills for applying Newton's second law for one-dimensional processes 2.9 Forces come in pairs: Newton's third law 2.10 Seat belts and air bags: Putting all together Summary Questions Problems

• 3 Applying Newton's Laws 3.1 Force components 3.2 Newton's second law in component form 3.3 Problem-solving strategies for analyzing dynamics processes 3.4 Friction 3.5 Projectile motion 3.6 Using Newton's laws to explain everyday motion: Putting it all together Summary Questions Problems

• 4 Circular Motion 4.1 The qualitative velocity change method for circular motion 4.2 Qualitative dynamics of circular motion 4.3 Radial acceleration and period 4.4 Skills for analyzing processes involving circular motion 4.5 The law of universal gravitation 4.6 Satellites and astronauts: Putting it all together Summary Questions Problems

• 5 Impulse and Linear Momentum 5.1 Mass accounting 5.2 Linear momentum 5.3 Impulse and momentum 5.4 The generalized impulse-momentum principle 5.5 Skills for analyzing problems using the impulse-momentum equation 5.6 Jet propulsion 5.7 Meteorites, radioactive decay, and two-dimensional collisions: Putting it all together Summary Questions Problems

• 6 Work and Energy 6.1 Work and energy 6.2 Energy is a conserved quantity 6.3 Quantifying gravitational potential and kinetic energies 6.4 Quantifying elastic potential energy 6.5 Friction and energy conversion 6.6 Skills for analyzing processes using the work-energy principle 6.7 Collisions: Putting it all together 6.8 Power 6.9 Improving our model of gravitational potential energy Summary Questions Problems

• 7 Extended Bodies at Rest 7.1 Extended and rigid bodies 7.2 Torque: A new physical quantity 7.3 Conditions of equilibrium 7.4 Center of mass 7.5 Skills for analyzing situations using equilibrium conditions 7.6 Stability of equilibrium 7.7 Static equilibrium: Putting it all together Summary Questions Problems

• 8 Rotational Motion 8.1 Rotational kinematics 8.2 Torque and rotational acceleration 8.3 Rotational inertia 8.4 Newton's second law for rotational motion 8.5 Rotational momentum 8.6 Rotational kinetic energy 8.7 Rotational motion: Putting it all together Summary Questions Problems

• 9 Gases 9.1 Structure of matter 9.2 Pressure, density, and the mass of particles 9.3 Quantitative analysis of ideal gas 9.4 Temperature 9.5 Testing the ideal gas law 9.6 Speed distribution of particles 9.7 Skills for analyzing processes using the ideal gas law 9.8 Thermal energy, the sun, and diffusion: Putting it all together Summary Questions Problems

• 10 Static Fluids 10.1 Density 10.2 Pressure exerted by a fluid 10.3 Pressure variation with depth 10.4 Measuring atmospheric pressure 10.5 Buoyant force 10.6 Skills for analyzing static fluid processes 10.7 Buoyancy: Putting it all together Summary Questions Problems

• 11 Fluids in Motion 11.1 Fluids moving across surfaces--Qualitative analysis 11.2 Flow rate and fluid speed 11.3 Causes and types of fluid flow 11.4 Bernoulli's equation 11.5 Skills for analyzing processes using Bernoulli's equation 11.6 Viscous fluid flow 11.7 Applying fluid dynamics: Putting it all together 11.8 Drag force Summary Questions Problems

• 12 First Law of Thermodynamics 12.1 Internal energy and work in gas processes 12.2 Two ways to change the energy of a system 12.3 First law of thermodynamics 12.4 Specific heat 12.5 Applying the first law of thermodynamics to gas processes 12.6 Changing state 12.7 Heating mechanisms 12.8 Climate change and controlling body temperature: Putting it all together Summary Questions Problems

• 13 Second Law of Thermodynamics 13.1 Irreversible processes 13.2 Statistical approach to irreversible processes 13.3 Connecting the statistical and macroscopic approaches to irreversible processes 13.4 Thermodynamic engines and pumps 13.5 Automobile efficiency and power plants: Putting it all together Summary Questions Problems

• 14 Electric Charge, Force, and Energy 14.1 Electrostatic interactions 14.2 Explanations for electrostatic interactions 14.3 Conductors and nonconductors (dielectrics) 14.4 Coulomb's force law 14.5 Electric potential energy 14.6 Skills for analyzing processes involving electric force and electric potential energy 14.7 Charge separation and photocopying: Putting it all together Summary Questions Problems

• 15 The Electric Field 15.1 A model of the mechanism for electrostatic interactions 15.2 Skills for determining E fields and analyzing processes with E fields 15.3 The V field 15.4 Relating the E field and the V field 15.5 Conductors in electric fields 15.6 Dielectric materials in an electric field 15.7 Capacitors 15.8 Electrocardiography and lightning: Putting it all together Summary Questions Problems

• 16 DC Circuits 16.1 Electric current 16.2 Batteries and emf 16.3 Making and representing simple circuits 16.4 Ohm's law 16.5 Qualitative analysis of circuits 16.6 Joule's law 16.7 Kirchhoff's rules 16.8 Series and parallel resistors 16.9 Skills for solving circuit problems 16.10 Properties of resistors 16.11 Human circulatory system and circuit breakers: Putting it all together Summary Questions Problems

• 17 Magnetism 17.1 The magnetic interaction 17.2 Magnetic field 17.3 Magnetic force exerted by the magnetic field on a current-carrying wire 17.4 Magnetic force exerted on a single moving charged particle 17.5 Magnetic fields produced by electric currents 17.6 Skills for analyzing magnetic processes 17.7 Flow speed, electric generator, and mass spectrometer: Putting it all together 17.8 Magnetic properties of materials Summary Questions Problems

• 18 Electromagnetic Induction 18.1 Inducing an electric current 18.2 Magnetic flux 18.3 Direction of the induced current 18.4 Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction 18.5 Skills for analyzing processes involving electromagnetic induction 18.6 Changing B field magnitude and induced emf 18.7 Changing area and induced emf 18.8 Changing orientation and induced emf 18.9 Transformers: Putting it all together 18.10 Mechanisms explaining electromagnetic induction Summary Questions Problems

• 19 Vibrational Motion 19.1 Observations of vibrational motion 19.2 Period and frequency 19.3 Kinematics of vibrational motion 19.4 The dynamics of simple harmonic motion 19.5 Energy of vibrational systems 19.6 The simple pendulum 19.7 Skills for analyzing processes involving vibrational motion 19.8 Including friction in vibrational motion 19.9 Vibrational motion with an external driving force 19.10 Vibrational motion in everyday life: Putting it all together Summary Questions Problems

• 20 Mechanical Waves 20.1 Observations: Pulses and wave motion 20.2 Mathematical descriptions of a wave 20.3 Dynamics of wave motion: speed and the medium 20.4 Energy, power, and intensity of waves 20.5 Reflection and impedance 20.6 Superposition principle and skills for analyzing wave processes 20.7 Sound 20.8 Pitch, frequency, and complex sounds 20.9 Standing waves on strings 20.10 Standing waves in air columns 20.11 The Doppler effect: Putting it all together Summary Questions Problems

• 21 Reflection and Refraction 21.1 Light sources, light propagation, and shadows 21.2 Reflection of light 21.3 Refraction of light 21.4 Total internal reflection 21.5 Skills for analyzing reflective and refractive processes 21.6 Fiber optics, prisms, mirages, and the color of the sky: Putting it all together 21.7 Explanation of light phenomena: two models of light Summary Questions Problems

• 22 Mirrors and Lenses 22.1 Plane mirrors 22.2 Qualitative analysis of curved mirrors 22.3 The mirror equation 22.4 Qualitative analysis of lenses 22.5 Thin lens equation and quantitative analysis of lenses 22.6 Skills for analyzing processes involving mirrors and lenses 22.7 Single-lens optical systems: Putting it all together 22.8 Angular magnification and magnifying glasses 22.9 Telescopes and microscopes Summary Questions Problems

• 23 Wave Optics 23.1 Young's double-slit experiment 23.2 Index of refraction, light speed, and wave coherence 23.3 Gratings: An application of interference 23.4 Thin-film interference 23.5 Diffraction of light 23.6 Resolving power: Putting it all together 23.7 Skills for analyzing processes using the wave model of light Summary Questions Problems

• 24 Electromagnetic Waves 24.1 Polarization of waves 24.2 Discovery of electromagnetic waves 24.3 Some applications of electromagnetic waves 24.4 Frequency, wavelength, speed, and the electromagnetic spectrum 24.5 Mathematical description of eM waves and eM wave energy 24.6 Polarization and light reflection: Putting it all together Summary Questions Problems

• 25 Special Relativity 25.1 Ether or no ether? 25.2 Postulates of special relativity 25.3 Simultaneity 25.4 Time dilation 25.5 Length contraction 25.6 Velocity transformations 25.7 Relativistic momentum 25.8 Relativistic energy 25.9 Doppler effect for eM waves 25.10 General relativity 25.11 Global Positioning system (GPS): Putting it all together Summary Questions Problems

• 26 Quantum Optics 26.1 Black body radiation 26.2 Photoelectric effect 26.3 Quantum model explanation of the photoelectric effect 26.4 Photons 26.5 X-rays 26.6 The compton effect and X-ray interference 26.7 Photocells and solar cells: Putting it all together Summary Questions Problems

• 27 Atomic Physics 27.1 Early atomic models 27.2 Bohr's model of the atom: Quantized orbits 27.3 Spectral analysis 27.4 Lasers 27.5 Quantum numbers and Pauli's exclusion principle 27.6 Particles are not just particles 27.7 Multi-electron atoms and the periodic table 27.8 The uncertainty principle Summary Questions Problems

• 28 Nuclear Physics 28.1 Radioactivity and an early nuclear model 28.2 A new particle and a new nuclear model 28.3 Nuclear force and binding energy 28.4 Nuclear reactions 28.5 Nuclear sources of energy 28.6 Mechanisms of radioactive decay 28.7 Half-life, decay rate, and exponential decay 28.8 Radioactive dating 28.9 Ionizing radiation and its measurement Summary Questions Problems

• 29 Particle Physics 29.1 Antiparticles 29.2 Fundamental interactions 29.3 Elementary particles and the standard Model 29.4 Cosmology 29.5 Dark matter and dark energy 29.6 Is our pursuit of knowledge worthwhile? Summary Questions Problems

• Appendices A: Mathematics Review B: Working with Vectors C: Base Units of sI system D: Atomic and Nuclear Data E: Answers to Review Questions F: Answers to select odd-Numbered Problems

• Credits

• Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z