3.3 Lipids

Obesity is a global health concern, and many diseases such as diabetes and heart disease are becoming more prevalent because of it.

People increasingly seek out registered dietitians for advice because of this.
Nutrition programs for individuals are planned by registered dietitians.
They design nutrition plans to treat and prevent diseases in health care facilities.
A patient with diabetes can be taught how to manage their blood sugar levels by eating the right types of food.
In addition to working in nursing homes, schools and private practices, dairies may also work in nursing homes, schools and private practices.

A bachelor's degree in dietetics, nutrition, food technology, or a related field is required to become a registered dietitian.

A supervised internship program and a national exam are required of registered dietitians.
Dietetics students take courses in nutrition, chemistry, biochemistry, biology, and human physiology.
The chemistry and physiology of food are important for the health of the body.

Some people don't like the taste of carbohydrates and should avoid them.

A low-carbohydrate diet is said to help people lose weight faster.
Carbohydrates have been part of the human diet for thousands of years.
Our ancestors had wheat, rice, and corn in their storage areas.

As part of a balanced diet, we should supplement with vitamins and fats.

A gram of carbohydrate provides 4.3 Kcal.
9 Kcal/g is a less desirable ratio.
Carbohydrates have insoluble elements.
The insoluble part is mostly made of wood.
There are many uses for fiber.
It regulates the blood sugar consumption rate and promotes regular bowel movement.
Excess cholesterol can be removed with the help of fiber.

Fiber binding to the cholesterol in the small intestine prevents cholesterol particles from entering the bloodstream.

Cholesterol leaves the body through the feces.
A fiber-rich diet can reduce the risk of colon cancer.
Whole grains and vegetables give a feeling of being full.
During the cellular respiration process, the cell's energy currency is produced when glucose breaks down.
We reduce the availability of "instant energy" by not consuming carbohydrates.
Eliminating carbohydrates from the diet may be necessary for some people, but it may not be healthy for everyone.

They are mostly nonpolar carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds.

The non-polar molecule is insoluble in water.
A cell has many different functions.

The environment provides insulation for plants and animals.

The building blocks of many hormones, as well as an important component of all cellular membranes, are the Lipids.

There are fats, oils, waxes, and steroids.

The river otter protects it's fur from the elements.

A fat molecule has two main components.
Glycerol has three carbons, five hydrogens, and three OH groups.
The number of carbons in the acid can range from 4 to 36.
The most common are those with more than 18 carbons.
In a fat molecule, the fatty acids attach to each of the glycerol molecule's three carbons with an oxygen atom.

A dehydration reaction forms triacylglycerol.

Three water molecules are released during this ester bond formation.

The triacylglycerol has three different types of fatty acids.
The names of some of the fatty acids specify their origin.

The scientific name for groundnuts or peanuts is Arachis hypogea.

There are two types of fat acids: saturated or unsaturated.

If there are only single bonds between the neighboring carbons in the hydrocarbon chain, the fatty acid is saturated.
Saturated fat acids have hydrogen in them.
The number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton is maximized.
Saturated fatty acid is an example of stearic acid.

Saturated fatty acid is also known as stearic acid.

Oleic acid is an example of an oily substance.

Oleic acid is a type of fat.

Liquid unsaturated fats are found at room temperature.

We call them oils.
If there is more than one double bond in the molecule, then it is a saturated fat, and if there is only one double bond, then it is a monounsaturated fat.

It is not possible to add more hydrogen to the chain's carbon atoms when a saturated fatty acid has no double bonds.

A fat may contain different types of fat.
Long straight fatty acids with single bonds are solid at room temperature.
Saturated fats include animal fats with stearic acid and palmitic acid, and fat with butyric acid.
Most of the fat in a mammal's cell is in the adipocytes, specialized cells.
Plants use fat or oil in seeds as a source of energy during development.
Unsaturated fats or oils are usually from plants.

The configuration of the molecule around the double bond is indicated by Cis and trans.

It is a cis fat if hydrogens are present in the same plane.
The cis double bond causes a bend or a "kink" that prevents the fatty acids from packing tightly, keeping them liquid at room temperature.
Unsaturated fats include olive oil, corn oil, canola oil, and cod liver oil.
Saturated fats contribute to plaque formation in the arteries and lower blood cholesterol levels.

Saturated fatty acids only have single bonds.

There are at least one or more double bonds.
The double bond may be in a cis or trans configuration.
Both hydrogens are on the same side of the chain in the cis configuration.
The hydrogens are on opposite sides in the trans configuration.
A cis double bond causes a chain problem.

The food industry artificially hydrogenates oils to make them semi-solid and of a consistency desirable for many processed food products.

H2O is bubbled through oils to solidify.
Double bonds of the cis- conformation in the hydrocarbon chain may be converted to double bonds in the trans- conformation during this hydrogenation process.

Some types of peanut butter and shortening are examples of artificially hydrogenated trans fats.

Recent studies have shown that an increase in trans fats in the human diet may lead to higher levels of low-density lipoproteins, or "bad" cholesterol, which in turn may lead to plaque deposition in the arteries, resulting in heart disease.
Fast food restaurants have recently banned the use of trans fats, and food labels are required to show the trans fat content.

The human body does not synthesise essential fatty acids.

They have to be supplemented through the diet.
The third carbon from the hydrocarbon chain's end is connected to the neighboring carbon by a double bond.

An example of an Omega 3 is alpha-linolenic acid.

It has three cis double bonds and a curved shape.
The diagram doesn't show the carbons.
The diagram doesn't show the fact that each carbon has two hydrogens associated with it.

If the double bond is between the third and fourth carbon from the carboxyl group, it's an Omega 3 fatty acid.

The body doesn't make them, so they are important in the diet.
Salmon, trout, and tuna are good sources of Omega 3.
Research shows that the risk of sudden death from heart attacks, lower triglycerides in the blood, and decrease in blood pressure can be mitigated by the use of Omega 3 fatty acids.
They may help lower the risk of cancer in animals.

Fats have received a lot of bad publicity.

Eating a lot of fried foods and other "fatty" foods can lead to weight gain.
Fats have important functions.
Fats are a source of energy and many vitamins are fatsoluble.
They give insulation to the body.
We should consume moderate amounts of healthy fats on a regular basis.

Waxes prevent water from sticking to the surface.

Waxes are formed from long-chain alcohols and long fatty acid chains.

They are similar to fats in that they are comprised of acid chains.

A diacylglycerol attached to a phosphate group is not a phospholipid.

phosphatidate is the first step in the creation of phospholipids.
The alcohol modifies the group.

Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine are in the blood.

A modified phosphate group is attached to a glycerol backbone.

Adding a charged or polar chemical group can change the phosphate.

Alipid is an amphipathic molecule, meaning it has two parts.

The fatty acid chains can't interact with water, whereas the phosphate-containing group can.

The cell's major component is the bilayer.

The head groups of thelipids face the solution.
The middle of the bilayer is where the tails are sequestered.

The head is made of water and the tail is made of fat.

The structure's matrix is formed by a bilayer of phospholipids, with the fatty acid tails facing away from water.

The plasma membrane's dynamic nature is caused by Phospholipids.

A structure called a micelle is formed if a drop of phospholipids is placed in water.