Chapter 23 - Transition Metals Chemistry and Coordination Compounds
23.1 - Properties of the Transition Metals
- Strong metallic bonding result from the combination of tight packing and small atomic size.
- As a result, transition metals have greater densities, melting points, boiling points, and fusion and vaporization temps.
- Transition metal complexes have a wide range of oxidation states
- It's worth noting that each element's usual oxidation states are +2, +3, or both.
- The +3 oxidation states are more stable towards the start of the series, whereas the +2 oxidation levels are more stable toward the end.
- The nuclear numbers increase, the outer shell is filled with electrons and by adding protons the nuclear charge increases.
- The external electrons weakly protect each other from the extra nuclear charge in the third period – sodium to argon.
- Therefore, atomic radiation rapidly decreases from sodium to argon, with increasing energy from electronegativities and ionizations.
23.2 - Chemistry of Iron and Copper
- Iron is the second most prevalent metal in the Earth's crust, behind aluminum.
- It can be found in a variety of ores, including hematite (Fe2O3), siderite (FeCO3), and magnetite (Fe3O4).
- Copper, a rare element that makes up 6.8% of the Earth's crust by mass, can be found in its natural state as well as in ores like chalcopyrite, CuFeS2.
- Unclean copper can be electrolysically purified.
- Copper has the highest electrical conductivity after silver, too expensive for large-scale use. It's also a good heat pipeline.
- In alloys, electrical cables, tubes, and coins copper is used.
23.3 - Coordination Compounds
- A coordination compound is made up of a complexion and a counter ion in most cases.
- Ligands are the molecules or ions that surround the metal in a complexion.
- The donor atom is the atom in a ligand that is directly bonded to the metal atom.
- The number of donor atoms surrounding the core metal atom in a complexion is known as the coordination number in coordination compounds.
- Ligands are characterized as monodentate, bidentate, or polydentate depending on the number of donor atoms present.
- H2O and NH3 are monodentate ligands, meaning they each have only one donor atom.
- Because of their claw-like capacity to hold the metal atom, bidentate and polydentate ligands are also known as chelating agents.
23.4 - Structure of Coordination Compounds
- Stereoisomers that cannot be interconverted without breaking a chemical link are known as geometric isomers.
- Geometric isomers are commonly seen in pairs.
- To identify one geometric isomer of a chemical from the other, we use the terms "cis" and "trans."
- Cis denotes that two atoms are next to each other in the structural formula, while trans denotes that the atoms are on opposing sides.
- Colors, melting temperatures, dipole values, and chemical reactivities of cis and trans isomers of coordination compounds are often considerably different.
- Optical isomers are mirror images that cannot be superimposed.
- Plane-polarized light vibrates only in one plane, unlike conventional light, which vibrates in all directions.
- The rotation of polarized light by optical isomers is measured using a polarimeter.
23.5 - Bonding in Coordination Compounds: Crystal Field Theory
- When ligands are present, the crystal field splitting is the energy difference between two sets of d orbitals in a metal atom.
- Chemists calculated the crystal splitting for each ligand using spectroscopic data for several complexes with the same metal ion but different ligands, and established a spectrochemical series, which is a list of ligands arranged in increasing order of their ability to split the d orbital energy levels.
23.6 - Reactions of Coordination Compounds
- A complexion that conducts very sluggish exchange reactions is called an inert complex.
- It demonstrates that a chemically reactive species is not always thermodynamically unstable.
- The energy of activation, which is considerable in this situation, determines the rate of reaction.
- The labile complex is known to complexes such as tetracyanonickelate(II) because they are subjected to rapid reactions of the ligand.
- A thermodynamically stable species is therefore not unreactive.
23.7 - Applications of Coordination Compounds
- Coordination compounds are found in biological systems and are used in a variety of settings, including the household, industry, and medicine.
- The tripolyphosphate ion is an effective, stability and solubility of chelating agent with Ca2+ ions. The detergent industry has revolutionized sodium tripolyphosphate.
- But because the phosphates are plant nutrients, phosphate-based waste water released in rivers and lakes leads to the development of algae, which leads to oxygen depletion.
- Most or all water life eventually succumbs under these conditions. This is known as eutrophication.
- As a result, since the 1970s, many States have prohibited phosphate detergents and producers have rewritten their products for the purpose of phosphates removal.